손환SonHwan , 황의룡HwangEui-Ryong

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This research studys the influence on the improvement of Modem Korean Physical Education to Ewha Physical Education focused on the curriculum of Ewa, extracurricular work, and activity of Kim Sin Sil. The results are as follows. 1. The end of the Korean Empire Ewha, for the fast time as a women educational institution, adopted gymnastics as a curriculum in situation that the social standing of women was low under the influence of Confucian ideas. Moreover, they provided an opportunity by opening a spot competition that women took a social activity and established the base for women sports by setting up a sanitary room in the campus in which doctor and nurse were placed. 2. The Japanese Colonial Days Ewha vigorously spread out an sports activity through introduction of various modem sports game, activity of Ewha YWCA, and etc. Their efforts produced good results in winning a national competition two times and Chosun women tennis tournament, which produced the first Korean woman sports coach. Kim Sin Sil, who started for her new post in Ewha as the first Korean woman coach, promoted revitalization of campus physical education by introducing new modern sports games like a soft ball, a bicycle race, and etc. And, she has made a contribution as a women sports forerunner through the universality of sports, improvement of physical condition for the public, necessity of women sports, and the emphasis of making personality through sports activity.

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차건수ChaGeon-Su , 강진흥KangJean-Hong

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This study focused on the problems of human cloning in the sights of christian understanding about human being and physical education ·sports. The following is the result we have achieved. □□□ is a human being and a human being is □□□. □□□ is a undestructible spiritual being and also a giving being and a body as well in terms of specific physical life which has a desire. This human being is the most valuable being crested in God’s own image, the best creature like a king. The problems of human cloning are as follows. 1. It destroys God’s creation order and the order of physical life, that is, physical culture. The dualistic idea about a human being brings upon the contempt of a human body and as a result, has an evil influence on the development of physical education ·sports and social order as well. 2. It destroys mutual dependence among men, the most fundamental principle of human lives. That makes fair play, respect of rules, personality, and politeness in sports disappear and the ethical goals of physical education and sports cannot be achieved. 3. A human being for the glory of God, that is, a body was created to do his best in every physical activity including sports. What matters in sports is not victory but happiness of doing his best. Cloning of the best man in terms of eugenics give a preference to a man who pursues victory itself. It, by treating a human being in God’s image, the best creature like a king as goods, produces a trend to make light of a human being. It causes the true beauty of sports to disappear by destroying the orders of physical education·sports. Physical education is a study which is based on a human being created in God’s own image. In order to remain as a valuable study which treats a body as a the most valuable being crowned with glory and honor, all sorts of actions concerned with human cloning should be prohibited.

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김석희KimSeok-Hee , 김정명GimJeong-Myung

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This study was to investigate the characteristics of the ‘Red Devils’-Korean national soccer supporters and general youth soccer manias who were belonging to pro-soccer teams. Then it proposed, on the basis of the results specifically how to develop the infra-structure of soccer spectatorship in Korea. For this, if particularly studied motivations, patterns of participation, and problems of the process of becoming ‘Red Devils’ Such qualitative methodologies as interviews, observation, and document analysis were employed for this study. As a result of this analysis, it was found that, Korean youth soccer fans became ‘manias’ through various ways. It was remarkable that they were specialists on soccer in a sense. Yet this study showed that the membership system of the ‘Red Devils’ disparaged the pure spirit of soccer spectatorship. In conclusion, the characteristics of the youth soccer manias were to lead the healthy spectator culture in freedom, creation and positive thinking. The specific proposals for these things are suggested such as various fan-marketings from each pro-soccer club to lead the constant interest of the fans, the gradual expansion of the soccer founds, the unification with players, changing the membership system of the ‘Red Devils’, the positive opinions and comments for the soccer manias’activities, and so on.

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전재민JunJae-Min , 김재우KimJae-Woo

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This study tries to analyze meaning of “tae kwon do” from the semiotic point of view that are to escape from debate of oriental philosophy, and educational value in connection with established “tae kwon do” theory. To analyze many-sided meaning gives the numbers are sentences which are quoted from the first to thirteenth of sentences at a article 9 in a “tee kwon do” rule. Furthermore, as starting to analyse a category of each sentences’semes adapts Greimas, Algirdas Julien’s semiotics. To biging with, as a result of analyzing the primary serves of a “tae kwon do” field, it was found that the rules could be divided into three categories: categories keeping the match proceed, categories stopping the parallel lines, and the categories inbetween.(the first semen analyzing) The second, semes show “sa´me nucleaire” to make spatiality, and in each “seme nucleaire” illustrate existence/absence of spatiality.(next semes analyzing). the last analyzing, spatial potentiality are appeared by analyzing of sub-semis. Spatiality in each stages can be confirm as a visual. However, invisible spatiality, exiting in the same stage with visual spatiality and competed by athletes, means potential space to compete as limiting in game rules. These sud-categories verify that dominant isotopy is a “tae kwon do” field by classification of semes.(final semis analyzing) And the first semiotic square structurize relationship to sustain distinct traits; namely, semiotic square of meaning show related shape of permission/prohibition. The fecal, the last semiotic square account semiosis of each categorize. A “tae kwon do” field opposites society, and describes rule, limited-space, permission, and limitation including free by logical structure. These relation structure verifies existent shape by contradiction of non-a field, and opposite relationship with society. It makes an attempt to suppose “tae kwon do” as text, and polysemy of “tae kwon do” as this study. “tae kwon do”has meaning of itself, and these meaning value even if a meaning except in a philosophical subject, Thus, the study should continue that are in the various points of view escaped from the simple viewpoints.

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김응식KimEung-Sik

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate and analysis the traits of student athletics & coach about corporal punishment in school athletics group, in order to practice rationally the educational way as to punishment. For this study, a self -reported survey by structured questionnaire was conducted in which 176 student athletics and 37 coach are participated. This research instruments pretested and proved that contain content validity and reliability. The adapted statistics analysis methods were t-TEST(Independent Sample Test), Frequence Analysis and One-way ANOVA (LSD). The major findings of this study were summarized as followings. Coach are higher than student athletics about cognition of corporal punishment necessity, frequence, degree, improvement effect, traditional, intention in school athletics group. But student athletics are more affirmative than coach about cognition of corporal punishment method, body section, place, emotional intervention, process. Also student athletics recognised that corporal punishment occasions are camp training, practice game mainly but coaches recognised that corporal punishment periods not existence especially. Student athletics and coach recognised that corporal punishment motivations are “when do not one’s best”, “when problem arise in team-work” mainly. Affection of student athletics and coach are suffered mental pain or dislike that membership of athletics group himselfe after corporal punishment.

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이경훈LeeKyung-Hoon

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The purpose of this study was to investigate perceived social barriers of women intercollegiate athletes fur analyzing various types of social problems the have faced as women and student athletes in American society. Eight women intercollegiate athletes took part in interview session to present their experiences and perceptions on social barriers as a student athlete. According to this study, it is possible to anticipate potential influence of perceived social barriers of women athletes and women’s sports in American society. Although the participants did not experience and perceive social barriers as a student athlete, they realized that they had to face and overcome various types of social barriers as a professional person. Therefore, it is important to analyze how these perceptions influence women intercollegiate athletes’athletic and social career.

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이유찬LeeYoo-chan

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Modern society has caused various confusion and anxiety due to the increase in mobility and the loss of chances of personal contact between people. As a result, I starts from the critical mind of the need of new, ideal community formation as a field for humanity recovery or welfare for many people’mind and as a field to get the dwelling place for mind. The purpose of this study is to provide scholastic data to set up directions for new community formation and to consider the contribution possibility of community sport by examining the relationship between participation in sport and norms in residents‘community life. As subjects, adult participants in sport living in Chunan city as of 2000, November were set up and total 870 samples were collected using Cluster Random Sampling. Among them, samples estimated either poor answers or worthless materials were excluded and 850 samples were used for final data analysis. Schematized questionnaires based on self-administration method were used and statistic techniques to analyze the collected data were frequency analysis and one-way ANOVA. Result found through these research methods and procedures are as follows. First, there was difference in community norms according to sociodemographic characteristics. Second, there was difference in community norms according to use of sports facilities. Third, there was difference in community norms according to social interaction. That is, the community formation must be voluntary, self-directed activities and the community based on residents’ subjective, active activities through participation in sport is an essential concept, it suggests that we can have new vision for community formation.

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고선해KoSun-Hye , 이종영LeeJong-Young

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This study is performed the task extracting the major factors constituting the classification system of leisure activities based on the social psychological experiences of participants. The population of this study is set to male and female adults over twenties who are regular participants in physical leisure and recreation activities in Korea. The subjects of the study were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The number of subjects for establishing the classification system were 1018 cases. The data were collected through questionnaire consisting of 39 items. The coefficients of Cronbach’s α for reliability were ranged from .66 to .82 for cluster analyses. The socio-demographic characteristics used in the study were gender, age, income, education, religion. The five major factors of social psychological characteristics were mental vitality, interpersonal relationship, freshness, freedon and feeling of control. The Delphi technique and cluster analysis were used for analyzing the data. From the analysis of the data, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, along with the mental vitality, the physical leisure and recreation activities are classified into 6 clusters: tennis, health exercise, badminton, gymnastics, aerobics, swimming as health promotion and diversion cluster; soccer, mountaineering, squash, jogging, golf as health promotion and vitality; table tennis, rope skipping for vitality and stress release cluster; dance sports and ski as diversion cluster; basketball and bowling as vitality; billiard, taekwondo as condition cluster. Secondly, along with the interpersonal relationship, the physical leisure and recreation activities are classified into 4 clusters: aerobics, swimming, mountaineering, basketball, golf as cohesion and friendship cluster; tennis, takwondo, squash badminton, soccer, bowling, oriental fencing, table tennis as friendship and interpersonal relationship cluster jogging, health exercise, gymnastics, ski as cohesion cluster; dance sports, billiard as friendship cluster. Thirdly, along with the freshness, the physical leisure and recreation activities are classified into 4 clusters: badminton bowling, aerobics, swimming, tennis, basketball, table tennis, mountaineering as new facts and new capacity cluster; jogging, health exercise, billiard, soccer, golf as new facts and style cluster; dance sports, takwondo, rope skipping as new facts cluster; squash, gymnastics, oriental fencing as new facts and perceived competency cluster. Forth along with the freedom, the physical leisure and recreation activities are classified into 3 clusters: swimming, golf, soccer, badminton, aerobics, bowling, mountaineering, health exercise, jogging as feeling of fulfillment cluster; basketball, billiard, gymnastics, dance sports, ski as feeling of fulfillment and freedom cluster; squash, tennis, rope skipping, table tennis, takwondo as feeling of fulfillment and arousal cluster.

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한권상HanKwon-Sang

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This study is to investigate participation in spots, unwholesome environment and formation of socialite of sports players, and to establish academically the relationship between juveniles’ participation in sports and their socialite as well. Subjects were sports players registered in Korea Sports Council centering on middle schools and high schools in kyungki province. By using Cluster Random Sampling, 600 samples were collected. Some of them estimated either as a poor answer or as a useless data were excluded, and total 550 samples were used for final data analysis. The collected data was analyzed by means of Multiple Regression Analysis. Results found through this research procedures are as follows. First, participation of juveniles in sports has an effect on formation of sociality. Second, harmful environment around juveniles has a negative effect on formation of sociality. While participation in sports has a positive effect on their formation of socialite, the unwholesome environment around juveniles has a negative effect on formation of socialite. This shows that both the diverse and complex social psychological environment and the social physical environment influence on juveniles’morality. So, the results of this study suggest that to examine efficiently the relationship between the participation in sports and the formation of socialite, it is needed to investigate systematically both outward life environment and social environment and inward participation in sports.

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선우섭SunooSub , 김승환KimSeung-Hwan , 남상석NamSang-Seok , 성동진SungDong-Jin

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The ultimate goal of this research is to provide information for Ministry of Health and We1fare to educate a better quality of manpower of Health and Fitness Instructor(HFI) and to establish a policy for the effectual utilization of them. A survey was conducted to understand people’s perception level and the altitude towards the HFI training policies. The questionnaire (Cronbach’s α=0.75) created after the consultation with many professionals was distributed to a total of 613 participants consisted of 220 general public, 223 university students interested in the field of health and fitness, and 170 HFIs. A majority of the respondents perceived the need of hiring HFI in hospitals, public health centers, and sports centers to provide the better quality of services. It has been known as a common idea that Ministry of Health and Welfare is the right governing department for the effective utilization of HFIs. The importance of introducing national examination, which will increase the public confidence level on HFI, has been also realized from the survey. Additionally, the survey with the people who have HFI certification showed that due to insecure job condition, low level of public confidence, and lack of welfare system, they did not have a positive idea regarding their future of job.

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Lee Choong Hoon , Yu Hye Suk

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최만식ChoiMan-Sik

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The purpose of this study was to examine possible differences in psychological mood experience amongst TeaKwonDo players. TeaKwonDo players(N=31), designed three ability levels, completed measures of mood just prior to and just after TeaKwonDo competition, Subjects’ongoing changes in “state” characteristics before and after competitive play were measured using the Telic State Measure(TSM; Svebak & Murgatroyd, 1985). More enduring personality dispositions among subjects were assessed by means of the Telic Dominance Scale(TDS; 최 등, 1999). Following data analysis important differences in mood experience were found between ability groups. No significant differences were found among ability groups on the seriousmindedness, planning orientation, and arousal avoidance. Successful TeaKwonDo players reported consistently low levels of arousal discrepancy(preferred minus felt arousal). Winners showed nonsignificant changes in level of arousal across games. Also, no significant differences were obtained between winners and losers of TeaKwonDo play in arousal level.

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김영선Kimyoung-Sun

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This study was carried out to offer basic materials for improving the performance of shooting in Modern Pentathlon by analyzing the characteristics of psychological skills and applying these characteristics systemetically. The subject of this study is 99 modern pentathlon players, who participated in the 14th National Modern pentathlon Championship. PSIAS(psychological skill inventory for archery and shooting) was used to test psychological skills(imagery control, concentration/anxiety, achievement motivation, arousal control, confidence) according to level of competition, events and level of skills. The results of this study were as the following. 1) professional athletes had higher level of achievement motivation than high school athletes significantly(p<.05). 2) Quartathron athletes had higher level of concentration/anxiety than pentathlon athletes significantly(p<.05). 3) successful athletes had higher level of all of psychological skills than unsuccessful athletes significantly(p<.05).

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김기웅KimKee-Woong , 신제민ShinJe-Min , 김병현KimByung-Hyun

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Two groups of Taekwondoist(6 novices and 6 experts) were compared in a novice-expert paradigm with the cinematographic analyses of a whipping kick movement, in terms of coordination characteristics defied operationally as the relationship(cross correlation) between joint displacements, joint angular displacements (assumed respectively to indicate spatial coordination), linear joint velocities, and angular joint velocities (each assumed to reflect temporal coordination) of hip, knee, and ankle joints. Cross-correlations were analyzed as a function of skill level and movement phase with two-way(Skill Level × Movement Phase) ANOVA with repeated-measures on movement phase. Results indicated that significant skill level main effects were evident in cross-correlation between linear velocities of hip and knee joints as well as between linear velocities, angular displacements, and angular velocities, respectively, of hip and ankle joints. Also evidenced was the main effects due to movement phases in all cross-correlation comparisons. These results were interpreted to be indicative of the fact that movement coordination pattern is different as a function of skill level, and that the patterns of movement coordination vary in a characteristic way as movement professes, basically in support of Bernsteinian tenets of skill learning.

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전진효JeonJin-Hyo

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the coaching leadership of ten successful tennis coaches. They were interviewed about their coaching leadership characteristics used in competition and training as successful tennis coaches. Qualitative methodology was utilized in this investigation and the interview transcripts were analyzed inductively. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Themes were identified from the analysis of the interview data. Combining these themes, four general dimensions were identified: Attitude and philosophy, training and teaching method, motivation, etcetera. Attitude and philosophy dimension included effort, credibility, and love for athletes and tennis. Training and teaching method dimension included teaching method, athletes management, and athletes development, Etcetera included charisma, humor, and experience. These results were discussed in terms of ten effective coaching leadership characteristics for successful tennis coaches and future studies were suggested.

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박중길ParkJungGil , 최만식ChoiManSik , 문익수MoonIkSoo

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The purpose of this study was to examine the sources of stress and coping style suffered by professional dancers in order to provide professional dancers with a psychological intervention strategy. The 155 professional dancers were participated for accomplishing this purpose of the study, and responded to open-questionnaire about the sources of stress and its coping style ay practice and performing activity. The results of the study show that the major source of stress in professional dancers were psychological factors(30.9%), sociological factors(27.5% ), physical factors(17.4%), environmental factors(16.0%), and others(5.0%). Coping styles for avoiding stress were mainly used problem-oriented style in physical factors, avoid style in psychological factors, and avoid style in deficit of leadership and self-control in company management in relation to environmental factors. In cognitive factors, professional dancers used self-control in deficit of artistic philosophy and positive style in deficit of professional knowledge. Thus, the result of this study suggest that some psychological or mental training programs for professional dancers should be developed for coping stresses.

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배성민PaeSung-Min

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Purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the relationship between participation in Taekwondo activity and leadership development of sdolescence. For this study, 24 questionnaire items (3 active participation (domain) items, 4 passive participation [domain] items, 4 affective participation (domain) items, 4 cognitive participations [domain] items, 4 sports activity leadership items, 5 humanistic leadership items) were prepared and tested to the randomly sampled 153 (54 Taekwondo players, 24 Taekwondo activity participants, 75 non-participants) middle and high school boys and girls in Seoul and Kyunggi province. Boys and girls were divided to two groups, Taekwondo activity participants and non-participants, and answers were analyzed :According to sex and participating groups to reveal the relationship between leadership development and Taekwondo activity by two-way ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Regular, continuous participation of Taekwondo activity is helpful to develop leadership and humanity. 2. Taekwondo activity is more helpful in leadership development for the boys than girls. 3. Taekwondo participants shows leadership in sports activity and in humanity more than non-participants.

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백동기BaekDong-Ki

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the anxiety control effects of RET and the cognitive rational restructuring program. The study was composed of 20 male and female in high school. First L/C scores were used to confirm the unbaised selection of treatment/ control group. and then, pre-to-post test scores of SCAT & TEOSQ. According to the study results were, (1) contrary to the expectation, cognitive rational restructure treatment was changed thought of trait antiety, but SCAT scores were not reduced significantly. (2) Treatment was expected that the TESK score of TEOSQ high and EGO scope reduced. but the change of TASK score was significantly different between those of male and female, but its implication was not seriously. (3) If it were changed as this treatment, it was expected to effect of continuously. But since the treatment effect was not confirmed, the meaning of exacting retention was not important, the correlation between post tests scores of SCAT & TEOSQ and their retention scores were hig and significant. (4) AS expected, SCAT score reduction in the treatment group was significantly greater for internal (L/C) than for external.

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백경화PaekKyung-Hwa

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This study is to investigate the difference in the emotional state of the KUMDO trainees between Korean students and Japanese students. The subject of this investigation is selected as a group of KUMDO trainees that are 78 Korean highschool students, 65 Korean college students, 60 Japanese highschool students, and 74 Japanese college students. The state of emotion is investigated in 6 field such as tension, depression, anger, vitality, mental fatigue, and confusion. The questionnaire which is developed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman was used to collect the data for the research. The analysis of the data shows that there is a significant difference between Korean students and Japanese students in the emotional states. The result of the study shows that the emotional state of the Japanese students is higher than that of Korean students.

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유생열YooSeang-Leol , 송우엽SongWoo-Yeob

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The purpose of the study was to perform a preliminary research to confirm the model Smith (1986) and Maslach and Leiter (2000) proposed in athletic context. Three hundreds and twelve junior high school varsity athletes participated in the study. Of the participants, 142 athletes who got more than average overtraining score were selected as subjects in the study. Overtraining, Perceived stress, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Profile of Mood States inventories were used as instruments. The model proposed in the study was that overtraining contributed perceived stress, which in trim affected burnout. Burnout has a causal relationship to mood states. Structural equation modeling was utilized to assess the hypothesized model. The statistical analysis in this study was carried out utilizing procedures from AMOS 3.62 program. From the model-fitting statistics including chi-square, goodness-of-fit test, and the various fit indices for the specified model, the model did comparatively fit the data. The path between overtraining and perceived stress reached significance. The direct effect of perceived stress on burnout was also significant. Burnout also significantly affected mood states. Overall, the regression coefficients were acceptable. However, more variables should be included in the prospective study.

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문제민MunJe-min

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the learning Inclination of secondary school student and course evaluation of Physical and self-concept. Research hypotheses based on the theory and casual model were designed to attain the purpose of this study. It was established that the teaming inclination as a independent variation, self-concept, as a intervening variation, and course evaluation of physical as a dependent variation. A sample survey of this study was conducted among the 684 secondary students located in Seoul, using a purposive sampling method from 21st November to 20th December in 2000. Each questionary were measured by serial form except for sexuality and school year, and abnormalized questionaries were used after verifying construct validity and reliability. The statistical analysis method used for testing hypotheses were covariance structure analysis method. Results obtained through these methods and procedures were as follow; The result of analyzing the dependence of effect of cause which indwells in the learning inclination of secondary school and course evaluation of physical and self-concept, it shows that the learning inclination factor has as effect directly of the course evaluation and self-concept, and gives a indirect effect through the self-concept. Also it shows that the self-concept has an effect on the course evaluation directly. Conclusively, in the course evaluation of physical aspect, it is direct and indirect influenced on the learning inclination and self-concept, expecially it is a learning inclination to be closely related with course evaluation. So it can be contributed to increasing course evaluation of physical’s level because of these facts.

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김진희KimJin-Hee , 신영길ShinYeong-Gil

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This study was to clarify the characteristic of teacher culture and in what inner-process this has teen made and kept through describing and analyzing the reality of physical education(PE) class from the native point of view. Therefore, I approach teacher culture in the descriptive method and interpreted this in Silence Culture’s perspectives to accomplish purposes of this study. The perspective of Silence Culture provides a conceptional model for understanding teacher culture and it includes a practical theory for bottom-up change by teacher as PE class. The data for this stay were collected by participation observation, interview and reflective method of a teacher-ethnographer. The must important method which I intended to use was that of participation observation. Obviously I was a complete participant. As mentioned above, on the basis of descriptive consideration about the reality of PE class culture, I could find the character of PE class culture and social process of ifs generation and reproduction as follows. Teacher culture in elementary school PE class showed the character of a Silence Culture and this was chosen voluntarily in the structlkal contexts. It shows the characteristics of giving up the self-generative and spiritless in PE class. These characteristics have been oeated in the process of treating with separating education to “Your Education” and My Education” and making about its value.

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문제민MunJe-min , 정기호JeongKi-Ho

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The purpose of this study is to make clear how immanent patterns and activities of Yu-hui are made fundamental background to form of internal and realistic world view through the Yu-hui, a kind of physical activity of Hwarang in Silla Dynasty. Also it is to examine what its educational function and role pursue to educating the gifted student. For the purpose, it is going to make an alternative plan about educational problems and pending issue from relevanting in schools’physic education today. The education from physic activities of Hwarang is to team by experience and practical. There are three cardinal virtues in Hwarang; to furbish each other as a morality(相磨以道義), to enjoy each other with dances and songs(相悅以歌樂), to amuse oneself by haunting mountains and rivers(遊娛山水). These kinds of educational methods having physical activities of Hwarang are to be shown the guide and usefulness for educate the gifted students as a implement of education. These methods and contents of Hwarang suggest on recent physic education. Therefore this study suggest that the physics itself is education rather than a restrictive view point as a part of curriculum and also physical activities are integrative education itself as an accomplishment process of holistic human education. Also when the physics should be understand with more wider concept, it will be establish more desirable and rational directions of its than now.

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박천재ParkChunJae

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This study sought to determine the interaction effects of leisure factors on the life stress-depression relationship. It was hypothesized that perceived leisure freedom, leisure friendship, and companionship in shared leisure activities moderate the negative effects of perceived life stress on depression. Data were provided by 178 male and 62 female subjects who practice martial arts as a leisure activity. The mean age of the subjects was 32, ranged from 18 to 65. Hierarchical multiple regression was performed in the analyses. The analyses showed that perceived leisure freedom and leisure companionship were found to interact significantly with perceived life stress on depression. In general, results supported the buffer and coping theory of leisure participation on life stress-depression.

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이유찬LeeYoo-chan , 한혜원HanHae-won

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It can be argued that our modem society is moving toward an aging society due to the decrease of mortality rate and the extension of the average life span. The elderly who have lost the general social role are compelled to spend leisure time that is critical for the perceived quality of life. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the leisure participation and the perceived quality of life for the elderly, and to provide data for the improvement of the perceived quality of life in the old generation, which became the social problem. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, several factors such as the relationships and differences among participants general characteristics, types of leisure participation, leisure satisfaction and perceived quality of life were investigated. The respondents for this study were sampled among 600 people whose age are over 60 years old and who reside in Seoul and the final analyses included responses from 548 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed by means of a 1:1 personal interview method. The statistical methods employed in this study were Frequency analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Multiple comparison. It can be concluded that leisure satisfaction is closely relaxed to the perceived quality of life. It can be further suggested that physically active leisure participation rather than passive or sedentary leisure involvement increases leisure satisfaction and perceived quality of life. The results of this study indicate that physically active and aesthetic, competitive leisure activity(i.e. aerobic dance, dance sports, table tennis etc.) contributes significantly to leisure satisfaction and perceived quality of life.

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임재숙ImJae-Sook

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This purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dance sport participation on the mental health and leisure satisfaction. For this purpose, through 80 females were selected among the K university. For data analysis, the sub-program of SPSS V. 10.0 were used: independent t-test, One-way ANCOVA was used for mental health and leisure satisfaction. The conclusion of this study are as follows. 1. The dance sports group shows higher self-esteem compared to the control group. 2. The dance sports group shows higher life satisfaction compared to the control group. 3. The dance sports group shows lower melancholy compared to the control group. 4. The dance sports group shows lower anxiety compared to the control group. 5. The dance sports group shows higher leisure satisfaction compared to the control.

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김흥백KimHong-baek , 이영태LeeYoung-tae , 김교준KimGyo-joon

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This study aims to analyze the influence of workers’ perceived leisure capacities on their job satisfaction. The survey fur this study was conducted on 357 employees (231 men and 126 women) working for two cement-producing companies in the Youngdong district, Kangwondo. With respect to the surveys, we used the leisure satisfaction survey which had been modified and developed by Young-ho, Kim (1995) in view of the present conditions of Korea, from the leisure diagnostic battery by Witt et al. (1982), and also chose the one revised by Young-chang, Cho (1988) following the job diagnostic survey devised by Hackman and Oldham1975). The reliability and validity of these two surveys have already been verified in Korea. Multiple Correlation Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis were done through the SPSS program to deal with the data collected through the surveys. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. The coefficient correlation between perceived leisure capacities and job satisfaction is about r= .390, which shows that there is a meaningful correlation between these two factors in the statistics. 2. Workers’ perceived leisure capacities account for about 28% (R²= .281) of the variables related with secondly factors in job satisfaction, and the variables having a significant effect on the secondly factors in crude movement of working place, self evaluation achievement, and concrete job satisfaction.

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고종욱KoJong-Wook , 김영인KimYoung-In

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The purpose of this research was to assess the psychometric soundness of COVALSS(Competing Values Leadership Scale for Sport) developed by Kim(1993) based on Quinn(1988)’s competing values leadership model. The sample for this study was composed of 585 Taekwondo instructors from Taekwondo gyms in all parts of Korea. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis and item analysis techniques. It was found that 1) the eight-factor model provided better fit to the data than the six-factor model; 2) the reliabilities of creator role, representative role, monitor role, integrator role and considerator role scale were acceptable, while those of encourager role, director role and executor role scale were not; 3) creator role, representative role, monitor role and integrator role scale had satisfactory convergent validities, while encourager role, director role, executor role and considerator role did not; and 4) creator role and monitor role scale lacked discriminant validity and correlations among other several scales were high. The implications of these findings for the psychometric soundness of COVALSS were discussed and the directions for future research were advanced.

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이노연LeeNoh-yeon

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The purpose of this study is to present developing directions of the estimative prescriptions in the professional dance corps and the model of artistic promotion. This thesis is based on pending problems which I have experienced during over 40 years in professional dancing corps. Subjects of this study are composed of 263 women and 61 men(all 340 persons) , who are members of professional dance corps selected as suitable groups in their size and legitimacy. The means of survey was questionnaire. It was executed during may 2nd ~21st in 2001. In all 47 inquiries, this study adopted 3 inquiries including 1 inquiry about the work performance appraisal of each member, 2 inquiries about the distribution of marks of estimative elements of the member. In case of this study, because of using only deviously 6 inquires as analysis materials, it didn`t need to measure reliance in this study. The collected materials were verified, using the method of SPSS. The conclusion nuts as follows:1. When comparing four elements about the work performance appraisal, the much weight thing was the initiative in everything. In order, judgment and application, cooperation, and the spirit of obeying laws were important. 2. Most subjects answered concrete elements about estimating dance and work performance needed to estimate each dancer. 3. The mosts considered element to estimate the members was the dance performance. Others were the attitude in positive achievements in the dance performance. In a word, it is the important task to make the systemic criteria of the work performance estimation to promote culture and art. Especially, it is need to settle the objectivity and the justice to estimate the work performance. Consequently, the estimative proscriptions of the members in the professional dance corps must be improved as the culture and welfare system to establish safety as one’s job and to find and make good dancers under the culture and welfare system.

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김용만KimYong-man

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The purpose of this study was to identify the present condition of corporate sport sponsorship. Seventy four questionnaires were sampled from individuals in charge of marketing/publicity which ranked within 300 corporates of an annual sale in 1998. For data analysis Descriptive analysis, Τ-test, and One-way ANOVA were performed using a statistical package SPSSWIN 8.0. Results are as follows; First, thirty six point five percent of corporates was taking part in sport sponsorship fur most popular professional sports. Second, corporates taking part in sport sponsorship have a positive recognition for their participation. Third, sponsorship right was not actively used for promotion. Fourth, a half of corporates has a participation criteria of sport sponsorship. Fifth, while media exposure, increase of Corporate/product awareness, and image reinforce of Corporate/product were considered as important matters, guarantee of exclusivity and continuous participation was not considered as big matters. Sixth eighty one point five percent of corporates having an evaluation of participation effect after sport sponsorship is ended. Seventh, participation effect of sport sponsorship was mainly classified as promotion and image recognition erect. But corporates taking part in sport sponsorship have a significantly higher recognition in image recognition than corporates do not participate in sponsorship. Eighth re cognition of sponsorship evaluation criteria was significantly different according to level of attitude toward sponsorship. Above results were discussed.

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김양례KimYang-Rea

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The objective of this study was to examine the influence of media sport audiences’ interests in sports on their acceptance motive. The subjects of this survey was composed of over 20-year old adults who lived in Seoul, and total 566 questionnaires was selected by the systematic stratified cluster random sampling method. The measurement of the questionnaires was based upon the precedent research of McQuail(1983), Gants & Wenner(1995), Rubin(1977), Perse(1990), Reeves & Miller(1977), Miyazaki(1981), Kim(1999, 2000), and was modified appropriately after testing the validity and reliability of them. The research method employed for our analysis were correlation analysis and multiple regression by ordinary leant squares method using SPSS statistical package. Through these procedures, we can find the following facts. Firstly, the analysis of the relationship between media sports audiences’ interests in sports and their acceptance motive showed that most variables used in this study had significant correlations each other. But there were no significant relations between behavioral sports interests and their acceptance motive to pass time, and between information seeking and their acceptance motive to pass time. Secondly, we also could find that the media sports audience’s level of cognitive, behavioral, and affective interests in sports generally influenced significantly on their acceptance motive of information seeking, social interaction, entertainment, passing time and vicarious satisfaction.

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송기성SongKi-Sung

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The author carried out an survey of the actual condition of adult athletes’ physical punishment by questionnaire method for the purpose of providing materials for understanding and preventing the punishment in Korea adult sport teams. Using a stratified cluster random sampling 700 adult athletes in 50 teams weer selected as sample population. Finally 311 adult athletes were analysed as subjects for collecting data. Frequence and percentage by items were calculated and Person’s correlation, multiple regression analysis by center method, analysis of variance using Tukey post-hoc test, and Chi Square test were used to solve problems of the study. The results of the analysis on the research data reached the following conclusions: 1. The first and main motive of adult athletes’ sport participation was themselves’ preferences. With respect to the adult athletes’ satisfaction, men had higher satisfaction then women: those with older, higher income, longer athlete’s career, and those who have a female coach had higher stratification then others. 2. The adult athletes strongly disagreed with the necessity of punishment and thought that there were no positive elects of the punishment. 3. The 86.5% of adult athletes had the experience of punishment(by the index of Straus’ Conflict Resolution Technique Scales)without any reasonable methods such as punishment tools, frequencies, strength.,etc. The adult athletes, however, were still respect their coaches. 4. There were significant differences in the psychological and psychosomatic disorders by degree of athlete physical punishment. The psychosomatic and psychological behavioral manifestations were markedly serious in the seriously punished group.

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이종호LeeJong-Ho , 최종필ChoiJong-Pill

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between selection attributes of the ski resort by consumer’s types and purchase behavior intentions. To accomplish the purpose of this study, 514 visitors from three randomly selected ski resorts were surveyed by means of the revised questionnaires. The content validity and reliability of both the questionnaires were determined by conducting a pilot study. The reliability coefficient for the questionnaire was found to be α=.612-.862. The questionnaire utilized a five-point Likert-type scale was employed for ascertaining the degree of importance that each respondent attached to each item. The used statistical methods used for the data analysis were frequency analysis, factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. For all analyses an alpha level of .05 were used for the research questions. The major findings obtained from this study were as follows: First, facility factor was perceived to be the most important factor in selecting a particular ski resort by ski resort visitors, followed by place factor(accessability). Second, promotion, place, price, facility factor which influenced selection in ski resort were significant different in the importance of ratings of factors among different levels of purchasing types of resort visitors as they pertained to visiting frequency, staying duration, purchasing motivation, visiting partners. Finally, the result of this study also indicated that the promotion and facility factors significantly influenced the purchase behavior intentions of ski resort visitors.

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서원재SeoWon-Jae , 홍계희HongKye-Hee

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Purpose of this study was to plan the marketing strategies of the professional soccer team’s official site contents. The topics for the study are as follow: First, what is the difference between the content compositions of Korea professional soccer team’s official sites and foreign professional team’s? Second, what is the marketing strategies of the professional soccer team’s official site contents? To get an answer to these topics, the contents analysis that was based on 4P’s was used in this study. and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on a pilot test, a meeting of specialists, a calculation of Cronbach’s α value, and factor loading value used in exploratory factor analytic technique. Cronbach’s α value was 7344. In order to analyze the data, this study used a SPSSWIN Version 8.0 program for statistical analysis, and was completed using frequency, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Based on the above research methods and procedures, this study produced the following results. 1) The undergraduates’ attitudes toward inclusive physical education of the physically disabled according to gender, undergraduate’s special education training, undergraduate’s adapted physical education training, and duration of teaching experience is differenced significantly(p$lt;.05). 2) Duration of teaching experience, subjects of special education training, and gender influence the undergraduates’ attitudes toward inclusive physical education significantly(p$lt;.01).

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문대성MoonDae-Sung , 천길영ChunGil-Young

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The purpose of this study is to verify the relationship between organizational socialization, organizational culture, and organizational effectiveness of the commercial sport organizations. More specially, this study aimed: (1) to analyze the effects of the socio-demographic variables on the organizational socialization and organizational culture, (2) to analyze the effects of organizational socialization and organizational culture on the organizational effectiveness. Data were collected from a sample of 462 employees who worked at the commercial sport organizations which were located in Seoul and Incheon City. The statistical techniques used for the analysis of this study were t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were statistically significant differences between socio-demographic variables of the organizational employees and the organizational socialization. That is, male, college graduates, low-level employees, one to three year job career employee showed more adaptable to organizational socialization. Second, there were statistically significant differences between socio-demographic variables of the organizational employees and the organizational culture. That is, (1) male and low-level employees showed more adaptable to authoritative culture, (2) low-level employees showed more adaptable to group culture, (3) college graduates, high-level employees showed more adaptable to developmental culture, (4) college graduates, long-term career employee showed more adaptable to rational culture, Third, organizational socialization was the effective variable on the formation of organizational culture and organizational effectiveness . Fourth, developmental culture and group culture were the moat influential variables on the job satisfaction and developmental culture and authoritative culture were the most influential variables on the desire-to-retire of the employees.

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이한경LeeHan-Kyoung

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The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothetical model based on previous studies on job stress factor and Appraisal on the organizational effectiveness. The main purpose was to analyze the influence of job stress and cognitive appraisal on the stress-control factor and on the organizational effectiveness among sports center members, and to identify the cause and effect of these factors. The target population of this study was employees of sports center located in Seoul, Kyounggi, and Inchon introduced in the guide book of the Ministry of Culture and Sports. The sampling framework was divided into public spores center, national sports center, and membership sports center. The survey was performed for months(In 1999). The 2,137 subjects were selected by the stratified cluster random sampling method from the employees in 64 public sports center, 23 national sport centers, and 19 membership sport centers. Questionnaires of 1,792 were used in this analysis. The survey questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires included the contents about influence of job stress and cognitive appraisal on the organizational effectiveness among sports center members, of questionnaires were the following as; job stress α -.606∼.804. cognitive appraisal α =.703, stress-control factor α=.548∼.746, and organizational effectiveness α=.609 ∼ .746. The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were reliability analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis. From the analysis of this study, following conclusions were obtained; The first, Job stress factors among sports center members affects stress-control factors. In detail, the higher the job stress shows, the higher social support, coping stress, behavioral trait arc examind among the stress-control subfactor. The second, Job stress factors among spoils center members affects organizational effectiveness. In detail, the higher job stress show, the lower job contentment is among the subfactor of organizational effectiveness. And the higher job stress shows, the higher separation rates of organization member arc examined. The third, Cognitive appraisal of job stress among sports center members affects stress-control factors. In detail, the higher the cognitive appraisal of job stress shows, the lower social support is among stress-control subfactors. But the higher the cognitive appraisal of job stress shows, the higher coping stress, behavioral trait and external factors are examined among stress-control subfactors. The forth, Cognitive appraisal of job stress among sports center members affects the organizational effectiveness. In detail, the higher the cognitive appraisal of job stress shows, the lower the lower Job satisfaction is among the subfactors of organizational effectiveness. And the higher the cognitive appraisal of job stress shows, the higher the propensity to quit a job is examined.

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진지형JinJi-Hyung , 조광민ChoKwang-Min

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The objective of this study consists in inquiring into problems as to what advertising attitudes and effects sport star models’ advertisement has upon consumers via a comparison with that of famous public entertainers in an effort to manifest sports star models’ advertising effects, attitudes towards advertisement, attitudes towards products, and attributes, and then providing positive gala needed for utilizing sports advertisement models for a marketing purpose. For that purpose, high school boys and girls in seoul were taken as a population, and the sampling methodology used depended after selecting four high schools in Seoul upon the convenience sampling method, an non-probability sampling method. To the subjects 600 copies of the questionnaire specially made out for this study were distributed, and after all 544 copies were utilized for analysis of data. The statistical methodology used had recourse to mean & standard deviation, frequency analysis, t-test, One-Way ANOVA, Duncan’s multiple scope test, Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, etc. The resultant findings out of the above processes were revealed, as fellows: 1. As a result of having analysed advertising effects by sex, a statistically significant difference was found in attractiveness in case of a sports star, while a statistically significant difference was also identified in attractiveness and professionality in case of a famous public entertainer. 2. As a result of having compared the advertising effects of sports star advertising models and those of famous public entertainer models, no statistically significant difference was represented in attitudes towards advertisement, attitudes towards products, and attractiveness but a statistically significant difference was reflected in reliability and professionality. 3. As a result of having compared advertising effects according to the degree of involvement with the related products, a statistically significant difference was indicated merely in attractiveness in high involvement products, whereas a statistically significant difference in attractiveness, professionality, and reliance in low involvement products. 4. The results of having analysed sports stars’ advertising effects by their involvement with sports showed a statistically significant difference in all factors. 5. The results of having analysed the relations between advertising models’ attributes and attitudes towards advertisement pointed out the fact that advertising models’ attributes had an effect upon attitudes towards advertisement.

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이용식LeeYong-Sik , 조송현ChoSong-Hyeon , 김허중KimHeo-Jung

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The purpose of this study were to analyze the budget change of the central sports administration from 1982 to 1997, the time when the ministry of culture and tourism was to appear and to analyze statistically, the determinants influencing budget determination of the central spores administration from 1982 to 1997. Serial scope of this study is 1982-1997 fiscal year and the object of this study is the sports administration budget of the central government general account budget. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis, regression analysis through SPSS Windows ver 8.0 program. From first study result, following conclusion were derived. First the sports administration budget was increased from 1982 to 1985 fiscal year, decreased from 1986 to 1991 fiscal year and increased from 1992 to 1997 fiscal year. Second, the items that was given the most weight in the organization of budget from 1982 to 1988 were local sports equipment and sports science. Third, the items that was given the most weight in the organization of budget from 1989 to 1993 were local sports equipment and Korea sports Council created in 1990 fiscal year. Forth, the organization of the account budget from 1994 to 1997 were Korea Sports Council and sports policy. From the result of the second study, the factor that had the most important effect on sports administration budget was GNP.

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최종진ChoiJong-Jin , 김영인KimYoung-In

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The purpose of this study is to examine organizational commitment and leader satisfaction according to the kinds of competing valves leadership of Taekwondo do-jang managers. For this purpose, 1 set up, as population, leaders of Taekweondo do-jang, which have at least 2 leaders now in 2000, from the whole country. Among probability sampling methods, I used cluster random sampling method in extracting 755 in total, from which 620 copies were retrieved which made up 82.1% retrieval rate. Except 55 copies which seemed to be dishonest or incomplete, 565 copies were used in analysis which made up 91.1% validity rate. As a method to measure leadership, I used COVALSS measure developed by Quinn(1988). And all items had primary factor load costs of more than .5 and reliability of .688 - .901. As a method to measure organizational commitment, I used OCQ measure developed by Porter et al(1913). And all items had primary factor load casts of more than .5 and reliability of .879. As a method to measure leader satisfaction, I used LBDQ measure which was once used by Lee Jai Gil(1998). And all items had primary factor load costs of more than .5 and reliability of .843. As methods of analysis, I used frequency analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha Test, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and covariance structure analysis which use LISREL. Through such methods and procedures, I induced following results. First, Taekwondo do-jang manager’s innovator role leadership & mentor role leadership influence leader’s organizational commitment positively. But broker role leadership has no influence upon leader’s organizational commitment. Second, Taekwondo do-jang manager’s innovator role leadership &: mentor role leadership influence leader satisfaction positively. But broker role leadership has no meaningful influence upon leader satisfaction. Third, Taekwondo do-iang leader’s organizational commitment influences leader satisfaction positively.

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김도균DoKyunKim

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Industries related to sports are experiencing rapid growth driven by the change in modem social structures and the proliferation of sports activities. Sports-related enterprises apply marketing strategies that allow for management of profit maximization and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to identify youths` consumption behavior with regard to sports products. The survey sample, based on a multi-stage sampling method, included 602 male and female teenagers living in the Seoul metropolitan area. Data collected involved the use of a questionnaire on the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) of sport corporations based on the surveys designed by Schroath, Hu and Chen (1993) and Shine and Amine (1994). The subjects were asked to indicate the degree of importance they place on certain variables on a 5 point Likert scale by the self administration method. The scales were deemed reliable since the Cronbach ￥a´ for the product, price, place, and promotion scales were .86 to .92, respectively. The questionnaire was collected by the own evaluation method. The data analysis used a technical statistics and a discrimination analysis. The following results were obtained via this methodology. Main findings include, first, male youths displayed high sensitivity to popularity, whereas female youths were very sensitive to the promotion of the products. Second, male youths and their loyalty to certain sports brands were affected by price, whereas female youths were affected mostly by place. Last, the purchase frequency of male youths was affected by the areal of the products themselves, whereas that for female youths was affected by their participation level in sports/leisure activities.

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임태성TeaSungLim

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Sports services are defied intangible, inseparable, heterogeneous and perishable as in general services. There are, however, some of special characteristics in trading sports services. First, sports services are indirectly consumed in foreign market, Second, such trade barriers(as tariff and non tariff barrier of importing countries) are less influential in sports services trading. Third, cultural barriers are relative lower in sports services trade than general services. These features of sports services induce several spill-over effects not only to companies that produce sports service but also to companies that produce other commodities. The effects include international marketing easiness, the effect of trade barrier avoidness and the effect of regionalism facility. Internationalism in sports marketing therefore, contributes to world economic orders that is currently represented as globalism and regionalism. In the perspective of the Korean sports, it is suggested that, Taekwondo, Badminton, Handball and Soccer, Which have comparative advantages in world market or as a niche market, should be emphasized in implementing market strategies for sport services.

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김명희MyungHeeKim , 문병량ByungYangMoon , 이성호SungHoLee

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The purpose of this study was to observe the factorial structure. The 60 healthy modern dancer in Seoul are randomly selected as subject. The procedure of this experiment tore as follows. 60 subjects ale to describe relationships between skin-fold thickness, a widely used field measure of body composition, and performance of other conmom health - related physical fitness test items. And the research problem of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the health - related physical fitness test battery. Subjects were between the age of 19-23 Each subjects completed the five item health - related physical fitness test and body Fat test. this test included the following test item flexed-arm, sit-up, mile run, sit and reach test, skin-fold measures. The raw scores were analysed by factor analysis model such as principal component analysis with iterations. The result of this investigation indicate that skin-fold thickness is significantly and inversely related to performance on the all health-related physical fitness test items. Skin-fold thickness is essentially independent of the other common health fitness test items. And the factor analytic findings the only one general body composition exists in health-related physical fitness test.

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박영수YoungSuPark

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12weeks’resistance training on Immunoglobulin in middle aged women. The subjects of this study employed 20 healthy middle aged women in Pu-san city. The study was conducted two (control group, experimental group) by two (pre-test, post-test) factorial design with data analyzed using ANCOVA. The result of this study was not significantly different in IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM between control group and training group. Therefore moderate weight training was not change in Immunoglobulin. the following study is profoundly considerated not only immunoglobulin but also mitogen

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강호율HoYoulKang

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate or carbohydrate-protein consumption on transient hypoglycemia development during walking exercise. Six male college students were volunteered for this study. Each subject consumed 500 ㎖ of test beverage 30 min prior to exercise and then performed 60-min walking exercise at 50% of VO₂max. Each subject completed three randomly assigned treatments which were a water (CON), carbohydrate (carbohydrate 58g; CHO), and carbohydrate/protein (carbohydrate Sag and protein 15.8 g; CHO/Pro) beverage. Five milliliter of venous blood was drawn every 10 min for 90 min of whole experimental period. Plasma glucose (GLU), lactate (LA), insulin (INS) and free-fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were determined. LA concentrations during exercise were not significantly different among all treatments. GLU responses prior to exercise were significantly different among all treatments (CHO > CHO/Pro > CON). In CHO/Pro, GLU level (64.8±4.7 ㎎/㎗) at 20 min of initial exercise was significantly dropped to almost hypoglycemia level in the comparison with pre Glu level (80.8±2.4 ㎎/㎗). However, GLU (75.1±5.4 ㎎/㎗) in CHO was significantly decreased as compared with pre GLU level (84.2 ± 1.9 ㎎/㎗), but this decrease could not be considered to be a hypoglycemia condition. INS responses prior to exercise were significantly different among all treatment (CHO/Pro > CHO ) CON). At the 20 min of the initial exercise, INS levels in CHO (12.4±1.1 μU/㎖) and CHO/Pro (10.6±1.0 μU/㎖) were significantly greater than that in CON (7.7±0.3μU/㎖). Therefore, our results suggest that a mixture diet of carbohydrate and protein is more effective than carbohydrate diet alone to develop the transient hypoglycemia as a pre-exercise meal.

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유승희SeungHeeYoo , 노호성HoSungNho

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The aims of the study were to examine the current status of physical fitness of daily living and to develop criteria index of physical fitness for the elderly. Four hundred fifty four elderly women aged from 65 to 84 weirs randomly selected. They were living in urbanized big cities. Physical fitness of daily living consisted of the thirteen performance test items including 10 m walking speed, arm curl, grip strength, walking around two chairs in a figure 8, truck flexion, sit and reach, one leg balance with eyes closed, one leg balance with eyes open, standing up from a supine position, standing up and sitting down a chair, arm curl, leg endurance against wall, functional reach, one foot tapping in a sitting down a chair. The result showed that significant correlation coefficients were fecund between physical fitness components and chronological age. The score of all items decreased significantly with advancing age. In order to examine factor analytic studies of physical fitness of daily living, the 13 ×13 correlation matrix and the factors were rotated with Nomal varimax criterion. Six different factors of physical fitness of daily living were found as follows: muscular strength and locomotion (Factor 1), flexibility (Factor 2), balance (Factor 3), change of posture and muscular endurance (Factor 4), leg endurance and dynamic balance (Factor 5), and agility (Factor 6). The test items for each factor were walking around two chairs in a figure 8, sit and reach, one leg balance with eyes open, arm curl, functional reach, and one foot tapping in a sitting down a chair. Five scales including poor, fair, average, good and excellent were set up in this study.

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김영준YoungJunKim , 윤미연MiYeonYoun , 어경철KyungChulEh

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the stress hormones effects and the change of swimming capacity. During 6 weeks, 14 trained female swimmers constitute two groups of the study: overtraining group(17.7±1.0yr) performed by stepwise training mass variance basic training phase, overtraining phase, and regeneration training phase) and normal training group(17.4±0.5yr). After training, the changes of blood stress hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol) concentration, body weight and swimming record changes. As a result of overtraining catecholamines and cortisol increases in the body. During the recovery following regeneration training phase, their concentration significantly increases compared with basic training phase. Particularly, the increase of norepinephrine remarkedly reduced at the rest following overtraining and at the recovery following regeneration training phase, the values are high in the body. The reason that the hormones increase in the body is the mechanism that the body responses the stress due to overtraining. As observed by these results, swimming records due to physiological and psychological changes was reduced after overtraining. It seems to be the result of complex interaction of previously indicated factors, Thus, the values of blood epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. Overtraining and help pre and exercise induced injuries preventing from athletic performance decline.

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김수봉SuBongKim , 김기봉KiBongKim

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the regular swimming exercise on cardiopulmonary functions, blood lipid profiles and basic physical fitness in middle-aged woman. To achieve the purpose, seven healthy women who have not experienced regular exercise were conducted for the study, They practised swimming exercise an hour a day, five times per week during 12 weeks. The data were collected from treadmill test for cardiopulmonary functions, blood samples for blood lipids and basic physical fitness measures. pained t-test was performed to determine the differences between before and after swimming exercise. The results were as follows; (1) VO₂max and Anaerobic threshold were significantly increased after than before exercise, but HRrest was significantly decreased after exercise (2) HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased after than before exercise, but total cholesterol triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were significantly decreased after exercise. (3) Standing long jump, sit-ups, side strops and closed-eyes foot balance were significantly increased, after than before exercise, but grip strength(left and right hands) were significantly decreased after exercised, and back strength trunk flexion were slightly increased after exercise but not significant. In conclusion, all the factors in cardiopulmonary functions, blood lipids and basic physical fitness were significantly effected after exercise. These results are shown that regular swimming exercise are effected to improve the cardiopulmonary functions, blood lipid control and some basic physical fitness.

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안응남 , 김종욱 , 하철수 , 조성봉 , 이승주 , 박진

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To study the effect of traditional physical fitness effect on bone mass in women by age and training period we examined the spine and femur of 25 females who are in traditional physical fitness training program. Bone mass has no relation with age nor with training period. The lack of resistance training effect was a main reason for traditional physical fitness training having no effect on bone mass. In order to increase bone mass, a training method for the enhancement of bone mass should be performed with a traditional physical fitness training program at the same time.

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鄭蓮洙YounSooJung

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Although previous studies have documented declines in physiological functioning and motor capacity as a result of aging, no hard evidence at present proves that declines in physical work capacity are related primarily to the aging process. This present data on test-one/ test-two reproducibility and exercise effect for measures of training, mid femoral slice bone density and knee strength from a longitudinal study of master athletes. Fifty-two males (mean age test 1=58.2±9.8, test 2=60.7 ±9.7 years) and thirty-two females (mean age test 1=54.4±8.8, test 2=56.9±8.7 years) were selected from the study population. Mid-femoral slice bone mineral density was determined using DEXA (Hologic 1500), and maximal isometric and isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength was determined on a KinCom dynamometer. The results of this studs indicated the measures of training history, body mass and bone density were reasonably stable and reproducible. Strength measures were more variable, less reproducible and may be more sensitive to motivation, The conclude that age related study was seem to be timely require two more years in the longitudinal master athletes subjects study. Vigorous physical activity and various activity were positive effect in muscle strength and bone health on older subjects. The related muscle strength was low reliability that have to watch carefully best effort to get goal in subjects.

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김현태HyunTaeKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find the difference between male Athletic athletes and common children by thigh muscle(peak torque, total work average power, ratio of endurance muscle). The subjects selected for this study were composed of 8 common children and 32 athletics male who divided into four groups by 8 of short runner, 8 of middle-long distance runner, 8 of jumping and 8 of throwers. In order to obtain these purpose, we used Cybex 770 at the speed of 60˚/sec, 240˚/sec on knee extension and flexion to measure isokinetic strength. The repetition were 60˚/sec ×3,240˚/sec × 26. The data were analyzed by statistical method Independent-samples T-test(α =.05),. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, conclusion were drawn as follows: 1. The difference of Peak torque on Extension at 60˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05), Jumping Group(R:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Peak torque of Flexion at 60˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.01, L:p<.01), Jumping Group(L:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.01, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 2. The difference of Total work on Extension at 60˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05), Jumping Group(R:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Total work of Flexion at 60 ˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.01), L:p<.01), Jumping Group(L:p<.05), Thorwing Group(L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 3. The difference of Average power on Extension at 60˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05), Thorwing Group(L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Average power of flexion at 60˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.05), L:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 4. The difference of Peak torque on Extension at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.01, L:p<.01), Jumping Group(R:p<.05, L:p..05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Peak torque of Flexion at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001), Jumping Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05), Thorning Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 5. The difference of Total work owl Extension at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.01, L:p<.01), Jumping Group(R:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Total work of flexion at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(L:p<.01), Thonwing Group(L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 6. The difference of Average power on Extension at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Mild &: Long Distance Group(L:p<.05), Jumping Group(R:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. The difference of Average power of flexion at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Short Distance Group(R:p<.01), L:p<.01), Jumping Group(L:p<.05), Thorwing Group(R:p<.001, L:p<.001) and Common Children Group. 7. The direrence of endurance muscle ratio on Extension at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Mild & Long Distance Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05) and Common Children Group. The difference of endurance muscle ratio on Flexion at 240˚/sec were statistically significant between Mild & Long Distance Group(R:p<.05, L:p<.05) and Common Children Group.

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이규성KyuSungLee , 김문희MunHeeKim , 조준용JoonYoungCho , 양춘호ChunHoYang

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Abstract

To investigate the effects of dietary cholesterol and dietary fiber on plasma cholesterol levels adult males (20, 30, 60age) who were classified into three different age group were fed diets containing 860㎎ of cholesterol (4eggs/day) per day for 7wks and also had them consumed dietary fiber (pectin 20g) with cholesterol during the end of 2wks out of 7wks under controlled condition. The entire investigation period was 49days, which was divided into four periods. Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density, low density lipoprotein and body weights levels were measured. Blood samples were collected after 12hrs fast at the beginning of the study and at each period throughout the study. No significant difference was founded in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and body weight levels except high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<.01) were observed among age groups. However, plasma cholesterol (p<.001), triglycerides (p<.05), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<.05) and body weight (p<.001) levels varied considerably during the entire investigation period These observations indicate that feeding dietary fibers rich in soluble fiber (pectin) with dietary cholesterol produces lower plasma cholesterol including lipoprotein, triglycerides and body weight while feeding only dietary cholesterol rich in flood (egg) increases plasma cholesterol including lipoprotein, triglycerides and body weight.

Key Words

식이 콜레스테롤, 식이섬유, Dietary Cholesterol, Dietary Fiber

김해중HeaJoongKim , 이상민SangMinYi

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to observe stress hormonal responses of sprinters, marathoners and non-athletes in incremental maximal exercise. The subject selected for the experiment were composed of healthy 20 male athletes(10 sprinters, 10 marathoners) and 10 non-athletes. Ever subject performed continuous incremental workload test by way bicycle ergometer. They were warmed up with 60 rpm at 0 KP for 3 minute and there after the work load was gradually increased 0.5 KP every minute until exhaustion in maximal bicycle ergometer exercise test. Blood was sampled on the anticubital vein in pre-exercise at the immediate post-exercise: at 5, 15, 30 and 60 minute after exercise. Cathcholamines concentration were determined by HPLC. The concentration of ACTH, cortisol and insulin were determined with radioimmuno assays. The results analyzed on these date were summarized as follows: 1. The variables of epinephrine H. during at rest and recovery had no differences, appearance period of the peak value, however, hah more or less differences, which marathoners showed up quickly soon and the ocher post exercise 5 min. And the variables of norepinephrine during recover hah no meaningful differences, all the groups showed that the hormone meaningly(P(0.05) increased in soon after exercise and post exercise 5 min more than at rest and from post 15 min. exercise had the same values in at rest. 2. Sprinters had the highest ACTH’s peak value at recovery, but each group didn`t show meaningful differences period and recovery tendency marathoners recovered swiftly more than the others so meaningful differences didn`t show between 15min after post exercise, and at rest. And marathoners had only meanly higher in contisol concentration at soon after exorcise and post exercise 5 min. but also the highest increasing rate of peak value. In case of insulin, marathoners meaningfully increased post exercise 5 min, more than at rest.

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윤공화GongHwaYoon , 허만동ManDongHuh , 권태동TaeDongKwon

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Abstract

A study on the physical characteristics and physical fitness was performed in female college Judo players(n=6) and randomly selected control subjects(n=6). The results were summarized as follows; 1. Forearm girth of Judo group as significantly higher than that of control group. 2. %Fat of control group was significantly higher than that of Judo group. 3. LBM(lean body mass) of Judo group was significantly higher than that of control group. 4. Trunk extension of control group was significantly higher than that of Judo group, 5. Sit-up results of judo group was significantly higher than that of control group. 6. Peak torque of leg at 60˚/sec of Judo group was significantly higher than that of control group. 7. HRmax at submaximal exercise of control group was significantly higher than that of Judo group. 8. Exercise existing times at submaximal exercise intensity of Judo group was significantly higher than that of control group.

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이복환BockHwanLee , 정성태SungTaiChung , 김해리HarRietKim , 정덕조DeogJoJung

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate protective effect of antioxidants supplementation and exercise intensity on the activities of lipid peroxidation. Sixty two middle school students(M, 14.7±0.5yr) were participated in the maximal exorcise test before and after Sweets antioxidants supplementation. The subjects were divided into three groups; vitamin C+E supplementation group(N=20), Taurine supplementation group(N=21), placebo group(N=21), Then each group was divided into three subgroup ; Non-exercise group, AT80%(low intensity) exercise group, AT110%(high intensity) exercise group. Maximal exercise testing( A strand protocol; 0.5kp/2min) by cycle ergometer was used as a test protocol. The programs of exercise groups were aerobic and fitness exercise for 5 weeks. Low intensity(AT 80%) group exercised for 60min per day(5days/week) and high intensity(AT 110%) group exercised for 120min. Vitamin C(2,000㎎/day), Vitamin E(1000IU/day), Taurine(1500㎎/day) were given for 5 weeks, Venous blood samples were drawn at the forearm antecubital vein at the immediately after exercise. The concentration of TBARS and the activities SOD, GPX, GRD, GSH, GSSG were measured in the blood to indicate the oxidative stress and antioxidative status. After five weeks of physical training, there were significant changes in indicators’ values only in high intensity exercise group compared with non exercise group and low intensity group and show high intensity exercise induced oxidative stress. The effect of vitamin C+E, taurine supplementation were beneficial to reduce the concentration of TBARS caused by high intensity exercise. Vitamin C and vitamin E seemed to have a synergistic effect each other. In conclusion, It has been found that high intensity exercise-induced oxidative stress caused lipid peroxidation (TBARS) increase. But dietary antioxidants had detoxifying effects on peroxides produced by high intensity exercise. Therefore, it has been suggested that vitamin C+E, taurine supplementation treatment for 5 weeks may protect oxidative damage from various oxidative stress produced by strenuous exercise.

Key Words

항산화효소, 비타민, 타우린, 지질과산화, 산화스트레스, Antioxidants, Vitamin, Taurine, lipid peroxidation stress

김성수SungSooKim , 송분도BunDoSong , 라성민SeongMinRa , 신말순MalSoonShin , 이명화MyongHwaLee , 윤범철BumChulYoon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was carried to investigate the effects of exhaustive exercise with different on blood free fatty acid, 5-HT and dopamine. The experiments were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300g. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups: the mild intensity exhaustive exercise group(MIE: n=30), high intensity exhaustive exercise group(HIE: n=30). Animals participating in the exercise protocols were acclimated to treadmill running(20m/min, 15-20 min/day at a 0% grade for 1 week). MIE groups were exercised at 20m/min, 0% grade(50% VO₂max) to physical exhaustion. HIE groups were exercised at 40m/min, 20% grade(80% VO₂max) to physical exhaustion. The results through the statistical analysis of free fatty acid, 5-HT, dopamine in rats were as follow: 1. Free fatty acid levels were reduced at post-exercise, but increased at the time of recovery 10mins, 60mins in the mild intensity exhaustive exercise. In the high intensity exhaustive exercise groups were increased according to time. There was significant difference between 10mins after recovery and exhaustion. There was significant difference between groups. 2. Plasma 5-HT levels were significantly higher in the mild intensity exercise groups compared with those in the high intensity exercise groups. 5-HT levels were significant difference between two groups. The mild intensity exercise groups were higher 10mins after recovery than exhaustion and decreased at the time of 60mins recovery. 3. Dopamine levels were elevated at the post-exercise and reduced at the 10mins after recovery in the mild intensity exhausted exercise groups. The high intensity exercise groups were reduced at the exhaustion time and elevated at the time of 10mins recovery. 5-HT levels were no significant difference between two groups, but time of period was significant. There was significant difference between 10mins after recovery and 60mins after recovery.

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길태오TeaOhGil , 구광수KwangSooKoo , 김경용KyoungYoungKim , 신영국YoungKookSin

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a before-exercise smoking and a short-term prohibition of smoking on the cardiopulmonary functions by allowing the subjects to smoke before exercising and prohibiting the same subjects from smoking for three days and five days for measurement of the cardiopulmonary functions. The measurement was taken among the same time for six males aged 17 who were usual smokers while they were at rest, in the midst of exercise, right after the maximum exercise and during recovery from exercise. The measured variables was completed through the one-way ANOVA by repeated-measures as follows; 1. On each research into the heart rate among the same time during rest, three-minute exercise, nine-minute exercise and maximum exercise, there were differences and during six-minute excercise, three-minute recovery, six-minute recovery there was no difference. 2. On each research into the VO₂ /㎏ among the same time excercise, nine-minute excercise and three-minute, there were differences and during rest, three minute excercise, maximum excercise, six-minute excercise and six-minute recovery, there was no difference. 3. On each research into the VE(ℓ/min) among the same time nine-minute excercise and maximum excercise, there were differences and during rest, three-minute excercise, six-minute excercise, three-minute recovery and six-minute recovery, there was no difference. 4. On each research into the Systolic Blood Pressure among the same time during rest, three-minute excercise, six-minute excercise, nine-minute maximum excercise, three-minute recovery and six-minute, recovery there were differences. 5. On each research into exercise duration among the same time there were differences.

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김선영SunYoungKim , 장경태KyungTaeJang

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of weight training (weight group) and weight training+plyometrics(combined group) on muscular strength and functional physical ability(balance, verticality, full-body response, and change of direction). Subjects were middle-aged women, with ages of 50-60yrs old, who have been participants of exercise program at H university. Subjects were divided into weight group(n=9) and combined group(n=10). Training program for the weight group was performed three times a week for 8 weeks and consisted of 2 sets of 4 lower body exercises. Combined group performed 1 set of 4 lower body exercises and 2 sets of 4 plyometric exercises. The resistance for the weight training and plyometrics were 15RM and 15 repetitions per set respectively. The measurement variables of this study were maximal strength(1-RM) test, functional physical ability(balance, verticality, full-body response, and change of direction). Two-way ANOVA with repeated measure was used to analyze the data and the results were as follows: 1. 1-RM of tested exercise(leg press, leg curl, knee extension, squat 1-RM) were not different between groups, but it showed a significant difference between pre and post training(p<.05). 2. Results of balance, verticality, and full-body response measurements were significantly different after training(p<.05). In addition, post-training results of balance, verticality, and full-body response measurements were significantly different between groups(p<.05).

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최성근SungKeunChoi

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet on intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation and coronary risk factors in the obese women. Thirty eight middle-aged women, aged 48.5±6.4 years, who had not exercised regularly and participate voluntarily in the present study as subjects. They completed a 16-week exercise consisting of step exercise performed three times week, for 60 min session at lactate threshold level. For the period, they had a low-calorie diet, 1378 ㎉/day. The visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were estimated at the umbilicus by the computed tomography. The measurement items included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Exercise time, energy expenditure during exercises, and energy intake before and after the intervention were determined based on the self-reports. Body weight (-6.4 ㎏) and VFA (-31.7㎠) were decreased significantly(P<0.05). Furthermore, FPG (-5.4 ㎎/dl), TC (-19.7 ㎎/dl), SBP (-7.2 mmHg), and DBP (-7.4 mmHg) also were decreased significantly(P<0.05). It was suggested that the 16-week supervised weight reduction program was effective not only the reduction in VFA but also improvement of the coronary risk factors.

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박상갑SangKabPark , 박재현JaeHyunPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of Heart functions, and serum enzyme after 24weeks aerobics training. Subjects were composed of fourteen obesity women. 7 of subjects were trained during 24weeks(60∼70%HRmax, 4 frequencies/week, 1 hour) and remainder were controlled. The exercise intensities are decided by %HRmax. The result of this study are as follows ; 1. Weight and %fat were decreased in only aerobics training group and Circulorespiratory function was improved because of increasing in peak VO₂ and peak VO₂/㎏ after 24weeks aerobics training. 2. Both groups were significantly not changed in parameters of cardiac function, but EF was significantly(p<.05) increased in aerobics training group after 24weeks aerobics training. 3. CK-MB, Toatal LDH and LDH₂ were significantly not changed in both groups, but LDH, and LDH₁/,LDH₂ were significantly(p<.05) decreased in aerobics training group after 24weeks aerobics training. In conclusion, Aerobic training was shown to positive influence on body composition, circulorespiratory function and serum enzyme, although left ventricular function wasn’t significant difference. It is to be the important variable to prevent heart disease in obesity women.

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장민영MinYoungJang , 강찬금ChanGumKang

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the 12 weeks interval training & circuit weight training on cardio respratory functions, muscular power, muscular endurance, & performance of a long-distance runners. The subjects were consisted of a long-distance runners in boys middle school. They were 16 volunteers agreed to participate & were placed in 2 groups: interval training group(n=8) & circuit weight training group(n=8). The subjects who joined this program were asked to participate in training program, depending on particular group for 12 weeks. They were tested on cardio respratory function(by progressive grade exercise test). muscular power & muscular endurance(by Cybex 770, at 60˚/sec, 240˚/sec), & performance of a long distance at the beginning & 6 weeks & 12 weeks after applying training program. First, although the subjects of both groups did not show any difference on cardio respratory functions after 6 weeks & 12 weeks training, they showed improvement on cardio respratory functions at the end of training(p<.01). Second, although the subjects of both groups did not show any difference on muscular power & muscular endurance after 6 weeks & 12 weeks training, they showed improvement on muscular power & muscular endurance at the end of training(p<.01). Third, the subjects of both groups showed the improvement on the performance of a long distance running after 6 weeks & 12 weeks training(p<.01), & the subjects of circuit weight training group were faster than the subjects of interval training group on the performance of a long distance running after 12 weeks training(p<.01). Summing up, the exercises through interval training & circuit weight training will give them good effects on the performance of a long distance running during the period of growth. It was founded that the circuit weight training method, increasing muscular power & muscular endurance, was more effective than training method for the performance of a tong distance running.

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김재철JaeCheolKim , 이호근HoKeunYi , 황평한PeungHanHwang , 이대열DeaYeoulLee , 윤정수ChungSuYoon , 김창근ChangKeunKim

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Abstract

To investigate IGFI-I mRNA roles in a cold environments, we studied induction of IGF-I mRNA by cold immersion using Sprague-Dawley rats. The cold immersion was accomplished by submerging the rats in shoulder-deep water, maintained at 18±1℃, for 1hr/day, 5days/week, up to 1 hour, 2weeks, 4weeks, and 20weeks. The expression of IGF-I mRNA in cardiac, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examied by Competative-PCR. In expression of IGF-I mRNA was increased significantly higher in soleus muscle by cold immersion. Gastrocnemius muscle shows to increase the expression of IGF-I mRNA in only 20 weeks cold immersion. This result suggests that IGF-I mRNA induce the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle by facilitating the growth and differentiation of myoblast, fibroblast, satellite cell for myogenesis.

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곽이섭YiSubKwak , 백일영IlYoungPaik

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of acute exercise and regular exercise training on the correlation of lipid items(T.C, HDL-C, LDL-C, and T.G) and immune cells(CD4, CDB, CD56, and CD4/CD8) in RICO rats. The results are as follows: In the LDL-C and CD56, there was a higher positive correlation(r=.77)(p<.05) by aging and lower negative correlation(r=-.39) by regular swimming exercise, although there was no correlation(r=.18) in CR group. In the T-C and CD56, there was higher positive correlation(r=.84)(p<.05) by aging and had no correlation(r=-.07) by regular swimming exercise, although there was no correlation(r=.28) in CA group. There was higher negative correlation(r=-.67)(p<.1) between T.G and CD8, but it showed a positive correlation(r=.50) by aging, although it showed no correlation(r=-.18) by correlation(r=-.56) in CR group, but it showed a regular swimming exercise in TR group. In the T.G and CD56, there was negative positive correlation(r=.52) by aging, although it showed no correlation(r=-.18) by regular swimming exercise. and also, there was no correlation between lipid items and immune cells after acute exercise. In this study, we can conclude that there was a higher correlation between lipid items and immune systems in RICO rat. By aging, it showed a higher positive correlation between lipid levels and immune systems although, it showed lower negative correlation or no correlation by regular swimming exercise. It could be regarded that regular exercise training improves lymphocyte proliferation by reducing the lipid items in TR group compared to CA.

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박동호DongHoPark , 랜슨잭RansoneJack , 김창선ChangSunKim

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Abstract

To goal of this investigation was to study the effect of different exercise intensities on acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) changes between the race, 8 American and 10 Korean healthy college aged-men following two-counterbalanced running trials at different exercise intensities: trial 1 at 70% lactate threshold (LT) and trial 2 at LT intensity. For each trial, blood samples were collected at pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise (IPE) and 24 h post-exercise (24 h PE). Serum samples were analyzed for HDL-c, HDL₃-c subfraction, VLDL, total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), and triglycerides (TG). All samples were cotrected for plasma volume changes and compared to pre-exercise(baseline). To find out significant differences between nationality (American and Korean), intensity (LT and 70% LT), time conditions (BE, IPE, and 24 h PE) and interaction (2 x 2 x 3) doubly multiple repeated-measures MANOVA was conducted but there was no difference between nationality as well as intensity. Only significant difference existed in time condition (BE, IPE, and 24h PE). The results were that an increase (p < 0.05) in HDL-c was observed at the 24 h by an increase in both HDL₂-c (6.47%) and HDL₃-c (6.59%). The increase in IPE TC at the LT intensity occurred while the decreases in 24 h TG and VLDL concentrations at the LT intensity also occurred at different time point, respectively. These decreases in the concentrations of TG and VLDL-c were significantly contributing to change in 24 h HDL-c concentration. In addition, to determine the pattern changes of HDL-c over times ratios of FC/CE and HDL₂-c/HDL₃-c were analyzed. However, there were no significant differences in both the ratios over times. In conclusion, exercise at LT intensity can favorably alter the lipid profile at different time points by the increase in HDL-c concentrations and decreases in TG and VLDL, regardless of race. Therefore, if baseline HDL-c (50.38±13.21 and 48.90±8.44 ㎖/dl) and TC (148.81±22.00 and 154.60±17.76 ㎖/dl; American vs Korean, respectively) were similar between races (American Vs Korean), the response of blood profile to exercise at the same intensity was similar.

Key Words

김승환SeungHwanKim , 장명재MyoungJeiChang

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Abstract

This study was conducted to examine activity status of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of malondialdehyde in athletics. For this purpose, baseball, ice-hockey and taekwondo players were picked up to be tested to a treadmill running from rest until their entire physical exhaustion. Subject` blood was collected to be examined before, immediately after, 10 and 30 minutes after the exercise. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Different activity status of glutathione peroxidase was observed in each group and on each different phase : before, immediately after, 10 and 30 minutes after exercise. It was found that in the time course of changes in glutathione peroxidase activity, ice-hockey group showed significantly lower glutathione peroxidase activity than other two groups, but 10 minutes after exercise, taekwondo group showed slightly higher glutathione peroxidase activity than other two groups. 2. There was no significant difference of glutathione reductase activity in each group and on each different phase. 3. Different concentration status of malondialdehyde was also observed in each group and on each different phase. However, 10 minutes after exercise, the baseball group showed higher concentration of malondialdehyde than other two groups. The present results suggest that different degree of antioxidant status exist in each group trained with baseball, ice-hockey and taekwondo, measured by the method of treadmill exercise.

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김형돈HyungDonKim , 전정우JungWooJeon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities that the performance level in youth male Taekwondo players could be discriminated by selected morphological characteristics and lower extremity extension power. Subjects were 115 male highly trained youth Taekwondo players with mean age of 14.98 and divided into two group, elite players and non elite players based upon two years of previous records in competition and interview with their team coaches. Several measures of lower extremity extension power and back strength were collected with the % body fat, body mass index, and somatotype. The data was analyzed using discriminant on SPSS statistical package. The results obtained showed that somatotype of all Taekwondo players was located in central regardless of performance level and that elite player group showed superior in mesomophy. The correct discriminant probabilities of multiple discriminant functions to discriminate elite players and non elite player were 64.9%. This suggests that there exist a relative low relationship between performance level and selected physical characteristics. It was concluded that most of the standard anthropometric, strength, and power test could not be excellent discriminant predictor of performance except acceleration component of extension power. A better assessment of performance level should be based on more test items in the future study.

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한은복EunPokHan , 장경태KyungTaeJang

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training and detraining on blood lipids and body composition in middle aged women. Training group(n=10) followed exercise program (aerobic + resistance + flexibility, 4times/week, 80min/session) for 24 weeks. Detraining group(n=10) did the same exercise program for 12 weeks and then discontinued exercise for 12 weeks. Blood total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, weight, fat(%) and WHR were measured at the beginning of program(1st measurements). Measurements were repeated after 12(2nd) and 24(3rd) weeks. The results of this study were as follows: 1. After 12 weeks of training, both group showed positive changes in TC, HDL-C, and TG measurements. At the 3rd measurements, there was significant difference in HDL-C between training group(trained additional 12 weeks) and detraining group(detrained 12 weeks)(p<.05). Differences in TC, TG, and TC/HDL-C were not significant. After 12 weeks of additional exercise(3rd measurements), TC, TC/HDL-C were decreased and HDL-C were increased further(p<.05). In detraining group, TC/HDL-C were increased and HDL-C were decreased significantly after 12 weeks of detraining(p<.05). 2. After 12 weeks of training, both group showed positive changes in % body fat and WHR(waist-hip ratio). At the 3rd measurements, there were no significant differences in % body fat and WHR between training group and detraining group. However, % body fat and WHR were decreased significantly in training group after additional 12 weeks of exercise(p<.05). In detraining group, body weight, % body fat increased after 12 weeks of detraining but it was not statistically significant. However, WHR increased significantly(p<.05). The results of this study showed that after 12 or 24 weeks of regular exercise, blood lipid levels and body composition change significantly but detraining also rapidly returns those variables to pre training level. Further studies are required to investigate the effects of repetitive training and detraining.

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안상조SangJoAn , 양점홍JumHongYang , 김태왕TaeWangKim , 정선태SeonTaeJeong , 이창준ChangJoonLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationships between endurance and blood lipid of 1st grade in middle school, and to produce the correlation between endurance and blood lipid. For that purpose, we carried out the long distance runnings(the 1,000m running for the 1st grade boys in middle school, and the 800m running for the 1st grade girls in middle school) and arranged their records in ordinal scale. After that, we selected upper 10 percent(1∼10%), middle 10 percent(45∼55%), and lower 10 percent(91∼100%) as subjects of this study(n=120). The results obtained by this study were as follow : 1. Correlation between Endurance and Blood Lipid. There was positive correlation between endurance and TC, TG, LDL-C, and AI, but negative correlation in HDL-C on 1st grade in middle school. 2. Factors That Influence Endurance In blood lipid, TG was the factor on 1st grade girls in middle school.

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김해중HeaJoongKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is observing the change of the cardio respiratory function and blood metabolic variables after super maximal exercise, The subject are healthy 10 male marathoners and 10 male non athletes. Every subjects performed exercise of 0.05kp work loads per weight for 90 seconds by way of bicycle ergometer. The items analyzed are as follows: 1. The heart rate and oxygen uptake are meaningfully increased after super maximal exercise for 90 seconds. 2. The aspects of mobilization of lactate are meaningfully activated in super maximal exercise for 90 seconds in each group. 3. Despites of sypermaximal exercise is anaerobic exercise, the blood metabolic variables was changed overally.

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권유찬YooChanKwon , 백종희JongHeeBaek , 채종훈JongHoonChea , 윤미숙MiSookYoon , 박상갑SangKabPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sports massage on cardiopulmonary function and lactate concentration after maximal exercise. Subjects were twenty-one healthy and young men of college students. Subjects performed maximal exercise. From end of maximal exercise to 20 minute, they performed each period of sports massage recovery, static recovery and dynamic recovery. The one way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the difference among group during period of recovery. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for this study. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The change in heart rate after maximal exercise showed significant difference among groups, the recovery rate of it showed more fast recovery in sports massage recovery and static recovery group than in dynamic recovery group. 2. The change in oxygen consumption per weight after maximal exercise showed significant difference among groups, the reconvey rate of it showed more fast recovery in sports massage recovery and static recovery group than in dynamic recovery group. 3. After maximal exercise, the change in the lactate of blood in all groups were peak value at 3 minute of recovery. Sports massage recovery was significantly decrease at 10 minute of recovery, dynamic recovery group was significantly decrease at 15 minute of recovery, and static recovery group was significantly decrease at 20 minute of recovery. In conclusion, At the period of recovery after maximal exercise, Performance of sports massage will be help in recovery of fatigue according to the time of removal and removal rate were improved.

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양정옥JungOkYang , 최재현JaeHyunChoi

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is examine the effects of combined swim training and run training we devided 14 long distance runners of middle and high school to group, swimming and run combined training group(7), and run training group(7). they was trained for 16 weeks and analyzed the change of cardiopulmonary function and Blood components the results are follows. The change of HRrest decreased in 2 groups but it was meaningless statistically. In comparison of the 2 group, run training group`s change was lower but it was meaningless statistically. The change of VO2max increased meaningfully in the 2 groups(P<.01). In comparison of the 2 groups, combined training group`s change was a little higher but it was meaningless statistically. The change of VEmax increased meaningfully in the 2 groups(P<.05). In comparison of the 2 groups, combined training group`s change was higher but it was meaningless statistically. The change of TV increased in the combined training groups meaningfully(P<.001). It decreased a little in the run training group but it was meaningless. In comparison of the 2 groups, combined training group`s change was higher significantly (P<.05). The change of all-out time increased meaningfully in the 2 groups. In comparison of the 2 groups, combined training group`s change was higher significantly(P<.01). The change of RBC and Hb increased meaningfully in the 2 groups(P<.01). In comparison of the 2 groups, combined training group`s change was higher significantly (P<.05). There were no significant difference between combined group and run trained group of the value of Het.

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차광석KwangSukCha

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic smoking on cardiorespiratoy function and exercise performance. Fifty four healthy men, aged between 30 and 39 years old, were divided into two groups: those who non-smoked cigarettes (Group I ; n=31, 34.5±2.6 yrs), and who smoked cigarettes (Group II; n=23, 35.4±2.8 yrs). Pulmonary function, graded exercise stress test, blood pressure, and blood hemoglobin levels were measured. And the result were as follows: 1. Vital capacity (VC), Forced expiratory volume in one second percent (FEV-(10)%), and maximal ventilation (VεEmax) in Group I was higher than Group II (p<0.01-0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and maximal respiratory frequency (RFmax) between two groups. 2. Maximal oxygen intakes (VO₂max), maximal heart rates (HRmax), ventilatory threshold (VT), and exercise duration time (Ex.T) in Group I was higher than Group II (p<0.01). 3. Resting heart rates (HRrest), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Group II were higher than Group I . And, blood hemoglobin levels (Hgb) in Group I was higher than Group II. But, there were no significant differences in the HRrest and BP between two groups. 4. There were significant correlations between number of cigarettes smoked per day and FEV_1.0% (r=-.564, p<0.05). Also, there were significant correlations between number of cigarettes smoked per day and DBP (r=.462, p<0.05). But, there were no significant correlations between number of cigarettes smoked per day and the other variables. Also, there were no significant correlations between duration of smoking and all variables. The results suggest that the negative effects of chronic smoking on pulmonary function and aerobic power. In contrast to the above findings, there are no significant differences between smoker and non-smoker on HRrest, SBP, DBP, and Hgb. Otherwise, it is necessary to demonstrate the relationships among number of daily smoking, duration of smoking, duration of smoking cessation, quantity of exercise, and quality of exercise.

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이경일KyungIlLee , 이운용WoonYongLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of Plyometric Training on the total work of Knee and Ankle’s Joint. Subject were 9 K-university male students who had been trained for 8 weeks with Plyometric, control and divided into 2 groups randomly : Plyometric training group, control group. Plyometric Training Program was consists of 7 style method (Pike Jump, Double leg hop, Double leg bound, Single leg hop, Stride jump cross over, Alternate leg bound, Box jump). Plyometric Training Program performed the two days a week and period of 8weeks Control was consist of daily routine. also control’s period is 8weeks. Data were obtained from pre-test(initial), post-test(after 8weeks-treatment). The collect data were analyzed by paired t-test. A significant level was .05. Result were as follows: 1. Plyometric Training Group was not a significant effect on the total work of knee extensor, flexsor and ankle plantar flexion and dorsi flexion. 2 Control Group was also not a significant effect on the total work of and ankle joint’s plantar flexion and dorsi flexion. From the above results, for the purpose of investigation the effect of Plyometric Training on the total work of Knee and Ankle’s joint, the data of the study showed that (1) Plyometric Training group were not a significant effects on the total work of flexion and extension on the Knee joint. (2) Plyometric Training group were not a significant effects on the total work of plantar flexion and dorsi flexion on the Ankle joint.

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류승필SungPilRyu , 이상직SangJikLee , 정현경HyunKyungJung , 김현국HyunKookKim , 조대승DaeSungCho , 이수천SooChunLee

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Abstract

This study is to examine the effects of dietary oligosaccharides and endurance training on lipid metabolism of a rat fed with high cholesterol diet. Fourty Sprague-Dawly male rats 3wks of age were randomly divided into group of one normal diet, four high cholesterol diet containing 1 % cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. They have fed experimental diet for 4wks after familiarization periods. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified into only high-cholesterol diet group(HC), high cholesterol diet-training group(HCT), high cholesterol -10% oligosaccharide diet group(HCO), and high cholesterol-10% oligosaccharide diet-training group(HCOT). They were exercised by treadmill running at 20m/min, 30min/day, 5d/wk for 4week. Changes of the levels of serum and hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol in HC group were significantly higher than those of N group(p<0.05). Whereas a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol level and atherogenic index was observed (p<0.05). Between HCT group and HCO group, serum and hepatic components in HCT group, although was not significantly different, was more positive than that of HCO group. Especially, serum triglycerides in HCT group was significantly lower than that of HCO group(p<0.05). HCOT group was the most lowest food efficiency ratio, fat weight and revealed more positive tendency than that of other groups in each lipid parameters. Especially, there was significant difference in serum and hepatic triglyceride(p<0.05). Serum and hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol in HCT, HCOT, HCO group were significantly lower than that of HC group(p<0.05). FO thus belongs to the class of nondigestible oligosaccharides. FO feeding, like that of other fermentable dietary fibers, significantly alters the metabolism of lipids in the liver with, as a likely consequence, a reduction in VLDL production. Our data also agrees with previous observations that fermentable dietary fibers, such as pectins, are effective nondigestible carbohydrates that reduce serum and hepatic triglycerides. Fructooligosaccharide also exerted a lipid-lowering action by decreasing cholesterol contents on serum and hepatic tissue with a simultaneous increase of fecal lipids. These results suggest that dietary fructooligosaccharids may be able to act as potential substitution for a dietary fiber exercising a hypocholesterolemic action.

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서혜정HeaJungSuh

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Abstract

This study is to investigates the effects of capsaicin with high-fat diet on energy substrates levels in blood. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were offered a high-fat diet for 2 wk in individual cages and were exercise-trained by a animal treadmill running throughout the experimental period. After 2 wk of the prefeeding with high-fat diet, the rats were divided into two group; high-fat diet group (CON) and high-fat diet + capsaicin (0.014%) group (CAP). The rats were killed by decapitation at 0 hr (rest), 1 hr and 2 hr after treadmill running (27m/min, 6˚) Body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight were significantly lower in CAP than in CON, but soleus muscle weight was not different between two groups. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in CAP than in CON at rest, 1 hr and 2 hr (P<0.05). Plasma free fatty acid concentration were significantly higher in CAP compared with CON at rest (P<0.05), but did not at 1 hr and 2 hr. Plasma glycerol levels were significantly increased compared with CON in CAP at 2 hr after exercise but not rest and 1 hr. Plasma triacylglycerol levels were not affected by CAP intake at rest and during exercise, but the concentration were decreased by the exercise at 1 hr and 2 hr. These results indicate that capsaicin intake with high-fat diet would enhance blood lipids concentrations and decrease blood glucose, and it could have a spared effect of glycogen in muscle and/or liver.

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권태동TaeDongKwon , 최상원SangWonChoi , 이상직SangJikLee , 정관우KwanWooChung , 이수천SooChunLee

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Abstract

Polyphenol and vitamin C are known to prevent lipid peroxidation during exercise. Among the known polyphenol, the polyphenol extracted from apple as used has the similar effect of antioxidant. Therefore we examined the effects of acute or chronic polyphenol or vitamin C on antioxidants enzymes activities in rats. Rats were exercise training on the treadmill before 3 d of sacrifice for treadmill adaptation. They were administered 5 % of polyphenol and 50㎎ of vitamin C before the exercise at the final day of the experiment in acute administration group (APA or AVA) and the same amount of supplements was administered for 4 wk (CPA or CVA). Control group was administered the same amount of water at the same time point (NA). One-way ANOVA was performed as the statistical analysis. MDA concentrations in liver, heart, soleus muscle, gastrocnemius red and white muscle were significantly decreased by polyphenol or vitamin C administration. In addition, chronic administration has the strong effect compared with acute administration SOD concentrations in liver and heart were significantly increased by polyphenol or vitamin C administration. However, skeletal muscle SOD concentrations were not statistically significant. These results suggested that endurance exercise training reduced the risk of lipid peroxidation during exercise in rats. Moreover, acute or chronic administration of polyphenol and vitamin C increased the antioxidative activity that prevent the lipid peroxidation during exercise in rats.

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우진희JinHeeWoo , 백일영IlYoungPaik , 성제경JeKyungSeong , 곽이섭YiSubKwak , 오승현SeungHyunOh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of L-arginine supplementation on eNOS and cardiovascular system using SHR. To examine the differences among heart rates, blood pressures, and eNOS used normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats as a control. Thirty male rats(six weeks old) were divided into three groups: ten WKY control (WC), ten SHR control (HC), and ten SHR supplied (HA). Obtained results were as follows: In the mean body weight, there were significant differences between WC and HA(p<.05), whereas HC and HA groups did not much differ. In the heart rate and blood pressure, there were significant differences among the three groups(p<.05). In the eNOS levels, there were significant differences between WC and HC groups in the time of resting and at end of the exercise(p<.05). In conclusion, For the HC group, the level of eNOS is higher than that of WC, and so we can expect that tissue damage caused by toxic free radical affects blood pressure. We can conclude that regular L-arginine supplementation decreases cardiovascular stress caused by stabled eNOS enzyme activity. Therefore, we can trace it is the effect of L-arginine supplementation in SHR.

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이경옥KyoungOkYi , 김지연JeeYounKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to define the mechanism by comparison analysis of mechanic movement by the inclination and the speed of the treadmill gait(walking and running). The selected subjects of this study were twelve female college students, who had normal foot and no experience of the lower extremity injury. We used treadmill that set with forceplatform. The treadmill speed was 1.25m/s for walking and 2m/s, 2.5m/s, 3m/s for running. The inclination were level(0%), up 5%, 10%, the speed and the order of the inclination selected random. We analyzed the walking value by the inclination and the speed and the angle of lower extremity, the vertical reaction force during the treadmill gait (walking and running). As follows are the result of the analysis, The vertical ground reaction force during walking, the first peak and third peak of 10% inclination is lower than the level and 5% inclination, the fourth peak is different as each inclination, and tend to higher by up position. The second peak magnitude no effect by inclination. About the vertical ground reaction force during running, the first peaks highest is lower by up inclination, higher by high speed. And the impulse to the first peak is increasing by up inclination and high speed. So the impulse to the first peak that can be main cause of the injury show differences with each inclination, is decreased more up 5% and 10% than the level, and have show result by speed more 2.5m/s and 3m/s than 2m/s. We just estimated the load to each joint, couldn`t analyze the main cause like actual power or moment to joint. Therefore it needs the following study for the factor like that continuously.

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이세용SaeYongLee , 김로빈RoBinKim , 최지영JiYoungChoi

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Abstract

The object of this study was to quantify and analyze not only the eversion of ankle joint complex but also tibial internal rotation to verify effect of orthotic that prevent knee, tibia, and foot related injuries. The research model of this study was 2 x 10, that independent variable were orthotic condition, shoe condition and dependant variable were 10 variables which were 4 tibial internal rotation related variable, 4 ankle joint complex related variables, and 2 timming variables of max. tibial internal rotation and eversion. The result was that there were significant differences in max. internal rotation, initial eversion, max. eversion, min. eversion. These results indicates that orthotic condition prevents not only hyper-internal rotation of tibia but also hyper-eversion of foot to prevent foot and tibial related injuries.

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안완식WanSikAn , 장민영MinYoungJang

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Abstract

Even though it does not occupy so much relative importance in the value of difficulty, the motion of Handspring salto forward stretched is an indispensable part of the floor exercise, which should be achieved most smoothly as the motion to connect the middle. This study was aimed at researching the kinetic variables of the said motion in order to improve the strength of the games and to avail as fundamental data for training, employing three male champions of national representatives as its object, as the analysis resulted in as follows. 1. It is impossible to evaluate the performing ability of the motion by the variance of the time incurred. However, it was shown very desirable to quicken the time as phase 3 composed mind to take the motion. 2 Another finding was it was also desirable for body-centered location change to increase the elastic force of the vertical uprising motion from phase 2 to phase 3 and rotate with heightened vertical position, extending hips in order to shorten the weight, with the center increasing the rotation and the radius of the rotation 3. The speed change of the body center at phase 1 the horizontal and vertical speeds were known to be a factor to determine whether to quicken or not the physical rotation speed. So, it was shown that to shorten the rotation radius when the body was projected to land with good allowance. 4. In performing the motion of said ‘putting hand on the ground and rotate forward and then stretch body to rotate in the air’, it was desirable to take a stable posture by extending hips and knees, enabling him to take arch posture before letting the greatestangle changes and rotation of the body so as to straighten the vertical posture, at phase 1 throughout phase 3. To summarize the above, the motion of ‘putting hands on the ground and rotate forward and then stretch the body to rotate in the air’ supported the way to its success as follows. In extending this motion, the shoulders should be pushed up rapidly and the hips should be extended to increase the rotation speed at phase 1, and landing should be done in a comfortable manner by quickening the rotation speed through the use of vertically uprising elastic force to project the body highly at phase 3 to phase 4.

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김용재YongJaeKim , 이중숙JoongSookLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to prepare some useful data for the improvement of weightlift performance ability and the prevention of injury by analyzing the biomechanic in snatch of weightlifter. Biomechanic variables were analyzed with the aid of the visual materials with a high speed video camera, such as the displacement of barbell, the time during the motion and moment of the snatch motion. The analysis of EMG data by the EmG system revealed the action potential of muscles. The subjects for the research were 8 in male and female Korean national team weightlifter ; 4 of them male, 4 of female in both sexes. The analytic results of the mechanism of the snatch motion were as follows: 1. The vertical displacement of barbell in the snatch, both male, female weightlifter group had the highest vertical displacement of barbell in the 4th step. 2. The vertical displacement of barbell in the clean, there was little difference between male and female weightlifter. 3. The vertical displacement of barbell in the weightlifting, the more time of 4th step got short, the more maximum extension effect of body segment large. It was the main reason to increase the added rising height of barbell. 4. The time during the motion in the weightlifting, it was efficient to use possible the shorter time. 5. The moment was loaded in elector spinae(L5, S1) joint, there was showed a rapid increase of extension moment in the 2nd step. 6. In the EMG analysis, snatch in male weightlifter, commonly was very higher used in order of vastus lateralis muscle(lst step), biceps femoris muscle(2nd step), trapezius muscle(4th step), and elector spinae(2nd step).

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곽창수ChangSooKwak

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of shoe weight and midsole hardness of running shoes on running economy for enhancing athlete`s performance and injury prevention, and to find out the effect on its application to long distance runners. Ten long-distance runners were employed as subjects, 9 different shoes were made using 3 different hardness by 3 different weight. The Energy consumption test was performed for 20 minutes of treadmill running at speed of his anaerobic threshold level. And the running motion of the subjects was measured using a AMTI force platform, 2 high speed video camera. The findings of this study were as follows; 1. Average heart rate per minute was minimum 157.2 beats/min and maximum 162.7beats/min in case of combination of shoe hardness and weight, and it did not appeared to be significantly different among shoes. 2 Energy consumption was affected by shoe weight not shoe hardness(p<0.05), but it showed no significant difference in 9 combination shoes. It showed small different between 250g and 350g, not between 150g and 250g. 3. Rearfoot stability variables were not affected by shoe hardness and weight, but total angular displacement of achilles tendon angle showed larger than the level suggested by former studies. 4. Shock absorption variables were not showed to significantly different among 9 shoes. However, Shoe hardness affected maximal impact force and maximal vertical ground reaction force. This study found out that shoe weight influenced energy consumption. The findings of this study may help to understand the previous counter results, also it would help the shoe company related to marathon shoes development to consider running economy. It must be necessary to consider relationships between shoe hardness and shoe weight because it showed negative effects on subject test in spite of no significant difference among 9 combination shoes. So more specific experimental design should be required to make this findings more clear for the further study.

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김승재SeungJaeKim

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Abstract

The purposes of this study were to investigate static and dynamic characteristics of the foot arch firstly between non-athlete and athlete and secondly within non-athlete and athlete. The hypotheses for these purposes were that the static and dynamic characteristics of the foot arch between non-athlete and athlete and within non-athlete and athlete would be significantly different. The subjects were divided into two groups of non-athlete and athlete. The arch height strain and the arch length strain of medial longitudinal arch were selected as dependent variables. The static characteristics were measured in the condition of non weight-bearing and weight-bearing and the dynamic characteristics in the condition of walking and running. The arch heights in the condition of non weight-bearing and weight-bearing were measured using a right-angled square and the arch length using a Martin`s measure. The arch heights and lengths in the condition of walking and running were measured using a Photosonic 16 mm high speed camera and the loads using a force platform. The relationship between the arch height and the arch length without dividing into two groups was the one that the lower the arch height is, the longer the arch length is. The static and dynamic characteristics of the foot arch (weight-bearing, walking and running) between non-athlete and athlete did not show any significant difference and the static and dynamic characteristics of the foot arch within the two groups showed significant difference except for the relation of the arch height strain between weight-bearing and walking. For the windlass effect, this practical study showed an individual difference differently from theoretical studies. The trend that the arch height strain increased despite of increasing the loads from weight-bearing to walking in athlete group could not find in any previous studies and this point remains to study further.

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최지영JiYoungChoi , 김우엽WooYeobKim

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Abstract

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of the design features and properties of the three types of army boots in running by kinematic and kinetic analysis, and to suggest a basis for scientific standard of construction, which was essential to manufacture the army boots. The subjects of present study were 6 enlisted men who served at least 6 months or more and did not experience any pain or injury in their feet. They had no difficulties in moving and acting with army boots. The subjects performed heel-toe running on 8.1m long runway at the speed of 4 m/sec with 3 kinds of army boots. The current research was conducted by using cinematography to analyze kinematic variables and force-platform to evaluate kinetic variables. The data obtained were compared by Windows SPSS statistics package to identify the significant differences of the mean and standard deviation of each variable. The results of this study can be summarized as following. 1. The heel hardness of the army boots had effects on the initial pronatory movement including the initial pronation angle and initial rearfoot angle, but did not influence on the maximum Achilles tendon angle and minimum rearfoot angle. As the heel hardness decreased, the more pronation occurred, and brought about negative effects on the rearfoot stability. 2. The heel height of the army boots had effects on the initial pronation especially on the initial pronation angle and initial rearfoot angle, but did not show any significant differences in the magnitude of maximum Achilles tendon angle and minimum rearfoot angle. The heel height influenced the time for maximum velocity of pronation. 3. The heel hardness and height influenced the magnitudes of max. vertical impact force peak, but had no effects on the time for max. VFIP. As the hardness increased, the higher loading rate was occurred, so resulted in negative effects on the shock-absorption of the foot.

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이효경HyoKyungLee , 김기웅KeeWoongKim

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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate, wha kind of interactional motor control characteristics appeared on left and right finger movements respectively if force structure of any one hand was changed when carrying out simultaneous movements with both hands. Subjects performed five simultaneous finger tapping movements with index fingers of both hands under the control condition in which no transformation of time force, the condition of different force emphasis on a particular(i.e., the third) tap in any one hand. The results of experiment showed that in case of transforming the time structure of any one hand, this influenced both time and force structures in two hands. These results are apparently consistent with the findings of previous researches in which the unity of time and force was evidenced according to coordination of both hands at the early phase of a movement in uniting type of time and force structure. Although this study could not shed light on the mechanism that induced the interactional time and force structures between hands, the investigation of interactional control between the two elements would be able to suggest a diagnostic effect of a processing from performing simple movements according to both hands coordination to executing complicated and continuous movements get out of time and/or force restraint effectively.

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주영화YoungHwaJoo

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Abstract

This thesis is studied to level the longitudinal inertia of a female adults body Segment with a quantitative measurement. For the purpose of it materials are taken by MRI according to the longitudinal axis. The images received by MRI are traced into each slice. Longitudinal inertia moment, radius of Gyration, rations of segment mass are measured and it quantity is counted to the body components. The results show as follows ; 1. The ratios of segment mass and whole body mass are as follow. Head : 7.50% Neck : 1.61% Thorax : 24.2% Abdomen : 4.70% Pelvis : 12.08% Thigh : 13.36% Shank : 5.10% Foot : 1.71% Upper arm : 3.3% Forearm : 1.56% Hand : 0.68% 2. Moment of Inertia to the longitudinal axis. Head : 0.0055㎏·㎡ Neck : 0.0006㎏·㎡ Thorax : 0.0806㎏·㎡ Abdomen : 0.0106㎏·㎡ Pelvis : 0.0461㎏·㎡ Thigh : 0.0118㎏·㎡ Shank : 0.0019㎏·㎡ Foot : 0.0003㎏·㎡ Upper arm : 0.0006㎏·㎡ Forearm : 0.0003㎏·㎡ Hand : 0.0002㎏·㎡ 3. Radius of Gyration. Head : 0.198 Neck : 0.335 Thorax : 0.238 Abdomen : 0.888 Pelvis : 1.318 Thigh : 0.005 Shank : 0.075 Foot : 0.181 Upper arm : 0.062 Forearm : 0.083 Hand : 0.105

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이주립JuRipLee , 김희경HeeKyoungKim , 서정은JungEunSuh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 4 taping methods on the inversion of both ankles before and after exercise. Subjects consisted of 19 female undergraduate and graduate students with no history of lower limb injury in the past 12 months, no more than two ankle sprains to either ankle, no neurological problems, and no lower extremity fractures, disease or surgery. Taping configuration is the basketweave in combination with two heel locks which has been shown to be the most effective tape configuration. All subjects participated the following 4 taping experiments : taping with adhesive spray and prewrap(SPT), taping with adhesive spray(ST), taping with prewrap(PT), and taping only(T). Subtarlar ankle inversion was evaluated using video camera and the inversion platform that unconsciously inverts the ankle to 35˚. Subjects were filmed before taping, and before and after exercise with taping. Exercise consisted of figure-of-eight course running and heel raise for about 20 minutes. Maximum inversion angle is the dependent variable in a 2 x 4 x 2 three-way ANOVA with repeated measures on all three independent variables : two times of measurements(prior to exercise and following exercise), four ankle taping methods, two ankles(dominant and nondominant). In case that the results were significant, the Scheffe´ test was used to analyse the interaction of taping methods measurements. The mean inversion angles were significantly increased after exercise(p< .05), but there was not any significant difference(p >.05) for the inversion of dominant and nondominant. After exercise, the mean inversion angles for ST method were significantly(p<.05) less than the mean inversion angles for PT, SPT and T methods. It was resulted that all taping methods ware loosened significantly(p<.05) followed by exercise, with the exception of ST method. In conclusion, the method offering the greatest restriction employed adhesive spray without prewrap.

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김광호KwangHoKim , 오광진KwangJinOh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability for physical fitness items from the KAPA test battery for students with mental retardation. KAPA physical fitness items for students with mental retardation consists of 50m run, sit and reach, sit up, stork standing, 800m run/walk, body composition(triceps, subscapular, calf). The physical fitness test was done by measuring 90 students with mental retardation(male: 50, female: 40) who were attending in J special school located in Seoul. Analysis of Pearson correlation was employed for data analysis. The results of this study were as follow ; First, the correlation coefficient of 50m run was .909(totally), .924(male), .864(female). Second, the correlation coefficient of sit and reach was .953(totally), .932(male), .990(female). Third, the correlation coefficient of sit-up was .948(totally), .938(male), .972(female). The fourth, the correlation coefficient of stork standing was .922(totally), .916(male), .797(female). The fifth, the correlation coefficient of 800m run/walk was .949(totally), .951(male), .926(female). The sixth, the correlation coefficient of triceps, subscapular, calf were .997(totally), .997(male), .996(female), .998(totally), .998(male), .998(female), .996(totally), .997(male), .994(female). Totally, KAPA test items are reliable measures for students with mental retardation

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천호준HoJunCheon , 김주학JooHakKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the test battery reliability of the youth physical fitness test for boys and girls in middle school, with simple correlation and canonical correlation. To achieve this purpose, Twice the youth physical fitness test record was analyzed with simple correlation and standard score and canonical correlation. The subject of study were male and female in middle school(The total number is 215; Due to absence on one of both testing days, complete data were collected for 207 students, 105 male students and 102female students) Descriptive and simple correlation were conducted, used window SPSS 9.0 and Canonical correlation were conducted, used CANCORR, a sub-program SAS. Results based on this research method and data analysis are as follows; First, In this study, the univariate reliabilities were acceptably high, with the exception of the distance run test and 50m sprint test. In case of male students, The reliability of standing long distance jump test, sit up test, sit-and-reach test and push-up test was represented respectively; .83, .85, .92, .93. In case of female students, The reliability of standing long distance jump test, sit up test, sit-and-reach test and push up test was represented respectively; .75, .91, .93, .93. Second, as the result of the youth physical fitness test of simple correlation analysis after converting record score into standard score, In case of male students, reliability of the youth physical fitness test was represented .93. In case of girls, represented .93. Thirdly, as the result of the youth physical fitness test of canonical correlation analysis, The case of male students of, the test battery reliability of the youth physical fitness test represented .95, and the case of female students was represented .96. The following conclusions were made based on the finding described above; 1) AS the result of the youth physical fitness test which has been operated from 1999 with simple correlation analysis, univariate reliability coefficient of standing long distance jump test, sit up test, sit-and-reach test, and push up test in all of was proved high value. 2) After converting record score into standard score, as the result of the youth physical fitness test with simple correlation analysis, reliability coefficient of the youth physical fitness test was proved high value. 3) As the result of the test battery reliability of the youth physical fitness test with canonical correlation analysis, The test battery reliability coefficient of the youth physical fitness test was proved high value, also the test battery reliability coefficient of the youth physical fitness test with canonical correlation analysis was higher than reliability of the youth physical fitness test with simple correlation after converting record score into standard score. In conclusion reliability analysis of the youth physical fitness test which was composed of six sub-tests as a battery was proved effectiveness and convenience of method with multivariate analysis method.

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강영구YoungKuKang , 김광호KwangHoKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze adapted physical education teacher`s perceptions of the purposes of physical education. It verified the differences in perception according to 3 independent variables (gender, course of study at university and type of special school). The subjects of this study were 99 adapted physical education teachers teaching physical education to students with disabilities at selected special schools in Korea. A questionnaire designed to measure adapted physical education teacher`s perceiving of physical education purpose. The questionnaire was developed by Jewett(1980). The instrument consisted of 7 major concepts and 22 specific purpose elements. The reliability of the questionnaire ranged from α=.656∼.951: Statistical methods employed in this study were t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows : first, compared to the male teacher group, the female teacher group showed a higher perception level concerning the purposes except for the areas of individual development purpose and physiological efficiency purpose. Second, the teacher group majoring in special physical education at universities showed a higher perception level in the areas of environmental coping purpose, social interaction purpose, physiological efficiency purpose, spatial orientation purpose, object manipulation purpose, group interaction purpose, and cultural involvement purpose as compared to other groups. Third, the teacher groups working at a school for the mentally retarded and the hearing impairment showed a higher perception level in the areas of social interaction purpose, communication purpose, and group interaction purpose than the visual impairment group.

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오광진KwangJinOh

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to identify the relationships among perceived competence, exercise participation and life satisfaction Participants for this study consisted of 265 male and female (range = 20 to 50 years old) residents of S city who had orthopedic impairments. The questionnaire used in this study included twenty-four item measuring perceived competence (Harter, 1982) and five questions concerning life satisfaction (Diener, Emmonson, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Frequency, multiple regression, and path analyses revealed the following results. First, cognitive competence had significant effects on frequency of exercise participation, and physical competence had significant effects on the year and duration of exercise participation second, social competence had significant effects on life satisfaction Third, duration and frequency of exercise participation had significant effects on life satisfaction. Fourth, perceived competence had direct effect on exercise participation, and in conjunction with exercise participation, had indirect effect on life satisfaction. The results were discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implication of perceived competence and life satisfaction applied to individuals with orthopedic impairments.

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